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Chapter 19

Audit of the Acquisition and Payment Cycle: Tests of Controls, Substantive Tests of Transactions, and Accounts Payable. Chapter 19. Learning Objective 1. Identify the accounts and the classes of transactions in the acquisition and payment cycle.

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Chapter 19

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  1. Audit of the Acquisition and Payment Cycle: Tests of Controls, Substantive Tests of Transactions, and Accounts Payable. Chapter 19

  2. Learning Objective 1 • Identify the accounts and the • classes of transactions in the • acquisition and payment cycle.

  3. Transactions in the Acquisition and Payment Cycle 1. Acquisitions of goods and services 2. Cash disbursements 3. Purchase returns and allowances and purchase discounts

  4. Accounts in the Acquisitionand Payment Cycle Raw Material Purchases Cash in Bank Accounts Payable Cash disbursements Acquisitions of goods and services Purchase Returns and Allowances Property, Plant and Equipment Purchase returns and allowances Purchase discounts Purchase Discounts Prepaid Expenses

  5. Accounts in the Acquisitionand Payment Cycle Manufacturing Expense Control Account Subsidiary accounts Repair and maintenance Taxes, Supplies Freight in, Utilities Accounts Payable Selling Expense Control Account Subsidiary accounts Commissions Travel, delivery expenses Repairs, Advertising Acquisitions of goods and services Administrative Expense Control Account Subsidiary accounts Supplies, Officers’ travel Legal fees Auditing fees, Taxes

  6. Learning Objective 2 • Describe the business functions • and the related documents and • records in the acquisition and • payment cycle.

  7. Classes of Transactionsand Accounts Acquisitions: • Inventory • Property, plant, and equipment • Prepaid expenses • Leasehold improvements • Accounts payable • Manufacturing expenses • Selling and administrative expenses

  8. Classes of Transactionsand Accounts Cash disbursements: • Cash in bank (from cash disbursements) • Accounts payable • Purchase discounts

  9. Business Functions in the Cycle • Processing purchase orders • Receiving goods and services • Recognizing the liability • Processing and recording cash disbursements

  10. Related Documentsand Reports Processing purchase orders: • Purchase requisition • Purchase order Receiving goods and services: • Receiving report

  11. Related Documentsand Reports Recognizing the liability: • Vendor’s invoice • Debit memo • Voucher • Acquisitions transaction file

  12. Related Documentsand Reports Recognizing the liability: • Acquisitions journal or listing • Accounts payable master file • Accounts payable trial balance • Vendor’s statement

  13. Related Documentsand Reports Processing and recording cash disbursements: • Check • Cash disbursements transaction file • Cash disbursements journal or listing

  14. Learning Objective 3 • Describe how e-commerce • affects the acquisition of • goods and service.

  15. How E-Commerce Affects the Acquisition and Payment Cycle Internet-based technologies allow for electronic linkages between suppliers and customers. Information about products is available over the Internet.

  16. How E-Commerce Affects the Acquisition and Payment Cycle Some companies use extranets which allow companies to communicate and conduct business in a secure setting. Other companies use business-to-business auctions hosted on the Internet to negotiate purchases.

  17. Learning Objective 4 • Understand internal control, and • design and perform tests of • controls and substantive tests • of transactions for the acquisition • and payment cycle.

  18. Methodology for Designing Controls and Substantive Tests Understand internal control – acquisitions and cash disbursements Assess planned control risk – acquisitions and cash disbursements Determine extent of testing controls Design tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions for acquisitions and cash disbursements to meet transaction-related audit objectives Audit procedures Sample size Items to select Timing

  19. Understand Internal Control • Study the client’s flowcharts • Review internal control questionnaires • Perform walk-through tests

  20. Assess Planned Control Risk • Authorization of purchases • Separation of asset custody from • other functions • Timely recording and independent • review of transactions • Authorization of payments

  21. Determine Extent of Testingof Controls • The auditor identifies the key internal controls • and weaknesses and assesses control risk • The auditor performs tests of controls to obtain • evidence that controls are operating effectively

  22. Controls and Substantive Testsof Transactions for Acquisitions • Recorded acquisitions are for goods • and services received (occurrence) • Existing acquisitions are recorded • (completeness) • Acquisitions are accurately recorded • (accuracy)

  23. Controls and Substantive Testsof Transactions for Acquisitions • Acquisitions are correctly included • in the master files (posting and • summarization) • Acquisitions are correctly classified • (classification) • Acquisitions are recorded on the • correct dates (timing)

  24. Attributes Sampling Because of the importance of tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions for acquisitions and cash disbursements, the use of attributes sampling is common in this audit area.

  25. Important Differences • Larger number of transactions • Significant judgment • Wide range of dollar amount

  26. Learning Objective 5 • Describe the methodology for • designing tests of details of • balances for accounts payable • using the audit risk model.

  27. Methodology for Designing Testsof Balances for Accounts Payable Identify client business risks affecting accounts payable Phase I Set tolerable misstatement and assess inherent risk for accounts payable Phase I Assess control risk for the acquisition and payment cycle Phase I

  28. Methodology for Designing Testsof Balances for Accounts Payable Design and perform tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions for the acquisition and payment cycle Phase II

  29. Methodology for Designing Testsof Balances for Accounts Payable Design and perform analytical procedures for accounts payable balance Phase III Phase III Design tests of details of accounts payable balance to satisfy balance- related audit objectives Audit procedures Sample size Items to select Timing

  30. Learning Objective 6 • Design and perform analytical • procedures for accounts payable.

  31. Analytical Procedures for the Acquisition and Payment Cycle Analytical procedure Possible misstatement Compare acquisition-related expense account balances with prior years. Misstatement of accounts payable and expenses Review list of accounts payable for unusual, nonvendor, and interest-bearing payables Classification misstatement for nontrade liabilities

  32. Analytical Procedures for the Acquisition and Payment Cycle Analytical procedure Possible misstatement Compare individual accounts payable with previous years Unrecorded or nonexistent accounts, or misstatements Calculate ratios, such as purchases divided by accounts payable, and accounts payable divided by current liabilities Unrecorded or nonexistent accounts, or misstatements

  33. Learning Objective 7 • Design and perform tests of • details of balances for accounts • payable, including out-of-period • liability tests.

  34. Out-of-Period Liability Tests • Examine underlying documentation for • subsequent cash disbursements • Examine underlying documentation for bills not paid several weeks after the year-end • Trace receiving reports issued before year-end to related vendors’ invoices

  35. Out-of-Period Liability Tests • Trace vendors’ statements that show a balance • due to the accounts payable trial balance • Send confirmations to vendors with which • the client does business

  36. Cutoff Tests • Relationship of cutoff to physical observation of inventory • Inventory in transit • FOB destination • FOB origin

  37. Learning Objective 8 • Distinguish the reliability of • vendors’ invoices, vendors’ • statements, and confirmations • of accounts payable as audit • evidence.

  38. Reliability of Evidence • Distinction between vendors’ invoices • and vendors’ statements • Difference between vendors’ statements • and confirmations

  39. Sample Size Sample sizes for accounts payable tests vary considerably, depending on many factors. Statistical sampling is less commonly used for the audit of accounts payable than for accounts receivable.

  40. Types of Audit Tests for theAcquisition and Payment Cycle Cash in Bank Accounts Payable Acquisition Expenses Payments Expenses Audited by TOC, STOT, and AP Audited by TOC, STOT, and AP Ending balance Ending balance Audited by AP and TDB Audited by AP TOC + STOT + AP + TDB = Sufficient appropriate evidence per GAAS

  41. Types of Audit Tests for theAcquisition and Payment Cycle Accounts Payable Acquisition Assets Acquisition of assets Audited by TOC, STOT, and AP Ending balance Audited by AP and TDB TOC + STOT + AP + TDB = Sufficient appropriate evidence per GAAS

  42. End of Chapter 19

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