1 / 38

Control of Energy The Original Biofuels

Control of Energy The Original Biofuels. Importance of Glucose Regulation. Too little – Brain problems Too much Osmotic water loss (cellular and systemic) Damages blood vessels. Role of the Pancreas. Digestion – secretes digestive enzymes Metabolism Regulation Carbohydrates Lipids

liam
Télécharger la présentation

Control of Energy The Original Biofuels

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Control of Energy The Original Biofuels

  2. Importance of Glucose Regulation • Too little – Brain problems • Too much • Osmotic water loss (cellular and systemic) • Damages blood vessels

  3. Role of the Pancreas • Digestion – secretes digestive enzymes • Metabolism • Regulation • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Produces primary messengers (hormones) • Insulin • Glucagon

  4. Insulin discovered byFrederick Banting and Charles Best in 1921. • Leonard Thompson (age 14, 65lbs) first patient successfully treated.

  5. 51 amino acids • 2 chains linked by disulfide bonds • 5800 Dalton molecular weight

  6. Effects of Insulin • Nearly all cells (80%) increase glucose uptake (seconds) • Active transport • Primarily affects liver and muscle • Brain tissue is excepted • Alters phosphorylation of many key intracellular metabolic enzymes (minutes) • Alters protein synthesis and gene transcription (hours)

  7. Insulin Affects Tissues Differently • Muscle • Uptake of glucose and immediate use (exercise) or storage as glycogen (Exercising muscles can take up glucose without insulin) • Liver • Uptake of glucose and storage as glycogen • Inhibits glycogen phosphorylase • Activates glycogen synthase • Inhibits glucose synthesis • Promotes excess glucose conversion to fatty acids • Adipose Tissue • Promotes glucose uptake and conversion to glycerol for fat production

  8. Insulin and Fat Metabolism • Liver cells store glycogen only up to 5-6% • Remaining glucose metabolized to fat • Triglycerides are synthesized and release into blood • Adipose cells store fat • Inhibits breakdown of triglycerides • Stimulates uptake and use of glucose to form glycerol • Stimulates fatty acid uptake and conversion to triglycerides • Lack of insulin • Free fatty acids build up in blood • Liver metabolizes to produce phospholipids and cholesterol • Can lead to excess acetoacetic acid production and buildup of acetone (acidosis, which can lead to blindness and coma)

  9. Insulin and Protein Metabolism • Promotes • Transport of amino acids • Protein synthesis • Gene transcription • Inhibits protein degradation • Prevents glucose synthesis in liver • Preserves amino acids • Lack of insulin causes elimination of protein stores

  10. Most Cells  Protein synthesis  amino acids Insulin Control Muscle  Glucose uptake  Glycogen synthesis Gastrointestinal hormones • Adipose • Glucose uptake • Glycerol production • Triglyceride breakdown •  Triglyceride synthesis  triglycerides Amino acids Pancreas Beta cells  Insulin • Liver •  Glucose uptake • Glycogen synthesis • Fatty acid synthesis • Glucose synthesis Bloodglucose  glucose Brain No effect Feedback

  11. Effects of Glucagon • Prevents hypoglycemia • Powerful system to degrade glycogen • Increases glucose synthesis from amino acids • Increases with exercise independent of blood glucose • Exerts effects through cAMP second messenger system

  12. β – adrenergicstimulation • glucagon

  13. Glucagon Control • Adipose • Triglyceride breakdown • Triglyceride storage  Fatty acids Exercise Amino acids Pancreas Alpha cells • Liver •  Glycogen breakdown • Glucose synthesis •  Glucose release  Blood glucose Epinephrine (stress) Brain No effect Feedback

  14. Importance of Glucose Regulation • Too little – Brain problems • Too much • Osmotic water loss (cellular and systemic) • Damages blood vessels

  15. Diabetes Mellitus • Type I • Insulin dependent • Juvenile onset • Causes • Increased blood glucose (300-1,200 mg/100ml) • Increased blood fatty acids and cholesterol • Protein depletion • Treated with insulin injections • Increases risk of heart disease and stroke • Can cause acidosis and coma

  16. Diabetes Mellitus • Type II • Non-insulin dependent • Results from insulin insensitivity • Elevated insulin levels • Associated with obesity • Can lead to insulin dependent form • Treated with weight loss, diet restriction, exercise and drugs

  17. Diabetes • 143 million suffer worldwide (W.H.O.) • Expected to double by 2025 • Costs $143B annually • Treatment with insulin is not optimal • Does not mimic normal control system • Associated with serious health risks • Direct transplantation has not proven feasible • Immunosuppression causes problems • Use of semi permeable encapsulation may be possible • Must optimize for nutrient exchange but immune isolation • Biocompatible and structurally sound • Prevent allergic responses • Must provide glucose control • Other options may be effective (e.g., gene therapy)

  18. Microencapsulation Approach

More Related