1 / 34

Renewable energy sources in Latin America and the Caribbean: two years after Bonn HUGO ALTOMONTE Chief Natural Resources

Renewable energy sources in Latin America and the Caribbean: two years after Bonn HUGO ALTOMONTE Chief Natural Resources and Energy Unit Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

libitha
Télécharger la présentation

Renewable energy sources in Latin America and the Caribbean: two years after Bonn HUGO ALTOMONTE Chief Natural Resources

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Renewable energy sources in Latin America and the Caribbean: two years after Bonn HUGO ALTOMONTE Chief Natural Resources and Energy Unit Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean REN21 – Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century. Impacts of the international renewable energy policy process. Paris, December 13-14, 2006

  2. Improvements: • Renewable energies legislation ? • Share of RE in total energy supply ? • Biofuels: situation and perspectives • Challenges of CDM and Renewable • Conclusions

  3. the Brasilia Platform on Renewable Energies (November 2003) 21 countries approved the Brasilia Platform on Renewable Energies, which establishes among its main points: “To further efforts to achieve the goal set forth in the Latin American and Caribbean Initiative for Sustainable Development of ensuring that by the year 2010 the use of renewable energy by the region, taken as a whole, amounts to at least 10% of its total primary energy supply on the basis of voluntary efforts and taking into account the diversity of national situations”.

  4. ECLAC proposed four relevant issues and initiatives for Latin America and the Caribbean: • A revaluation from an environmental and social perspective of hydro power according to the demands of sustainable development; • The contribution of renewable sources to the integrated development of rural communities; • The rational use of fuelwood; • The role of biomass and biofuels.

  5. I- Improvements in Renewable energies legislation Situation of RE in total energy supply 2004

  6. ELECTRICITY “Regional (decentralized) regime to promote renewable energies to electricity generation”. National subsidies to RE electricity Regulations and rules on prices governing the operation of renewable energy generation units (setting prices); Acts on the use of renewable (LAFRE in Mexico & other countries), which provides for the creation of a trust that will increase the share of renewable to 12% of national generation by 2012 Financing pre-investment project “Competitive call for tenders of small energy projects based on renewable sources” Special tenders for reserve capacity of electricity (5% with RE)

  7. BIOFUELS “Regime to regulate and promote the sustainable production and use of biofuels”(mix B5, B!0 y E5, E10) COUNTRIES, DATES AND % OF MIX VARIABLES Financing pre-investment project: Competitive call for tenders Incentives: provides financial incentive payments for biofuels produced (depending on the size plants). Exemption Tax (equipment and/or fiscal) SUBREGIONAL POLICIES AND INICIATIVES (Central America)

  8. Advances in renewable energy legislation seen in many of the region’s countries do not have yet a substantially effect on the total supply

  9. ? ? Renewable sources have declined slightly as a proportion of the total energy supply, from 25.7% in 2002 to 24.8% in 2004

  10. ? Decrease share of Hydro as a result of reduction in Brazil and Uruguay. Cane products enlarged 8% due to development of ethanol in Brazil.

  11. ? Although the share of other renewable (solar and wind) is not important yet, its contribution could be improved considerably with the full implementation of PROINFA

  12. Residential Sustainability Index Fuelwood consumption/total oil product consumption 160% 2002 2004 140% 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CARIBE 1 CARIBE 2 AMERICA COMUNIDAD MERCOSUR MEXICO BRASIL CENTRAL ANDINA

  13. CARIBE 2 AMERICA COMUNIDAD MERCOSUR MEXICO BRASIL Forest energy dependency over the total renewable supply (FDI (Fuelwood Supply/supply of all renewables) 100% 2002 2004 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% CARIBE 1 CENTRAL ANDINA

  14. Electric power generating pollution index (EPI) (in thousands Tn CO2 / Total GWh). 6.0 2002 2004 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 CARIBE 1 CARIBE 2 AMERICA COMUNIDAD MERCOSUR MEXICO BRASIL CENTRAL ANDINA

  15. On the whole, the obstacles to implementation of energy efficiency and renewable energy measures are well documented and fall into five types: technical, regulatory, economic, financial and institutional.Social ?ADICIONALITY is it new one?

  16. II- BIOFUELS: SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES

  17. STRATEGIC ROL OF BIOFUELS • The share of transport sector is 27% of the total energy consumption in the world and it is supplied by oil products • By 2050, this participation could attempt 32 % (IPCC) • SCENARIOS 2030-40: Increased in oil product demand must be associated to the decline of oil reserves (IEA, US-DOE) STRATEGIC ROL OF BIOFUELS: reduction of GHG emissions and oil dependence

  18. EL DESAFIO DE LA AGRICULTURA ENERGÉTICA • Existe impresión que agricultura podrá responder en forma ilimitada a este desafío • Sin embargo en los últimos años las reservas disponibles de alimentos se han estado reduciendo • En de Centroamérica (p. ej.) producción de granos (maíz) destinada a producción de bioetanol, podría significar una presión sobre los alimentos • “Agricultura Energética” tendrá que lidiar con asuntos de eficiencia en el manejo tanto de suproductos como de sus suelos.

  19. EUROPEAN UNION Directive 2003/30/EC:5.25% of the total transport consumption should be supplied by biofuels A number of countries (German, Austria, Spain) applied total or partial tax exemption from 220 Euros/m3 to 470 Euros/m3. Others (France, UK & Finland), set up directsincentive for biodiesel from 220 Euros/m3 to 330 Euros/m3

  20. Objetivo EU en 2010: 5.25% del sector transporte deberá usar biofuels Fuente: APER (E)

  21. A)Bioethanol: is a reality in a number of LAC countries E 10 Increasing 22% surface area under Sugar Cane cultivation -- 0.4% of total area 35% of total requirements existing molasses 35% Cuba, Guatemala, Guyana & Nicaraguagreat potential from molasses DEFICITS in Haití, Suriname, Uruguay & Venezuela, Land availability: less than 1% of the countries’ agricultural areas would suffice to produce enough bioethanol for E10 except forde Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad y Tobago, Suriname y Venezuela

  22. A) BIOETHANOL Brazil’s experience is it repeatable in other countries? • Brazil’s bioethanol industry is mature • has a very favorable cost structure • could be well expanded in the future as demand grows

  23. A) BIOETHANOL Other countries questions are: • whether the bioethanol industry (and biofuels in general) can be made financially profitable without government aid; • if not, whether such aid would be justified; • which factors affect the financial and economic viability of bioethanol production (or expansion) programmes.

  24. B) BIODIESEL • Initiatives to develop biodiesel have started to move ahead only recently ECLAC preliminary exercise showed that • countries which export relatively large amounts of vegetable oil–Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Honduras and Paraguay –– precisely exhibited the largest potential for biodiesel availability. 2) Its real feasibility can be properly proven, especially in terms of the energy balance sheet and productivity. 3) The European experience with biodiesel is based on agricultural policies that cannot easily be replicated in the region, with large subsidies and more or less openly protectionist systems.

  25. B) BIODIESEL • To increase biodiesel penetration in LAC: one possible line of action would be to identify uses involving higher added value • The analysis needs to be further developed and deepened, introducing a range of variables and alternatives to assess the financial, economic and social gains from the production of biodiesel

  26. III- CARBON MARKET

  27. Latin America leads the carbon market with 49% of all registered projects and it is the largest supplier of projects under CDM (over a total of 259 projects in August 2006 ) • Brazil and Mexico alone account for 61% of all the projects registered in Latin America, which bears out the statement that large economies offer more opportunities for the supply of CDM projects. • the region’s project portfolio is dominated by renewable energies. …..having much more significant impacts on sustainable development than do the reductions in high global-warming potential

  28. Methane reduction in sanitary landfills accounts for the largest proportion of emission abatement projects in the region the largest area in LAC is the reduction of methane from sanitary landfills (31% of all avoided emissions) projects now being submitted for registration suggests that region’s potential lies in : biomass projects; management of solid animal waste; hydroelectric power projects; and solid municipal by-products

  29. ADICIONALITY: NEW “BARRIERS” TO DEVELOP RENEWABLE ENERGIE PROJECTS ? ___________________________________ Adicionality: CDM projects needs to meet regulatory, technological, market-competitiveness, economic, financing criteria for assessing the additionality of project components. BarriersThese requirements mean that projects are very unlikely to be accepted into the CDM scheme if they are i) highly profitable; ii) conform to common practice (and hence face no particular barriers) or iii) are part of State policy Paradox: even though the future of CDM in Latin America depends on renewable energy projects, any steps to support the development of such ventures would interfere with their eligibility as CDM projects. In a number of sectors, the CDM rules have thus created a perverse incentive to postpone government support for renewable in order to pave the way for CDM eligibility

  30. CONCLUSIONS 1-In the last few years, the region has seen a number of developments and advances in renewable energy legislation and projects 2-     Renewable sources have slightly declined as a share of the total energy supply, from 25.7% in 2002 to 24.8% in 2004 3-  Advances in renewable energy legislation seen in many of the region’s countries do not have yet a substantially effect on the total supply

  31. CONCLUSIONS • 4-Bioethanol is now a reality in a number of Latin American and Caribbean countries • Campaigns are needed to raise awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of the production and efficient use of bioethanol • It is important to analyse the replicability of Brazil’s experience with bioethanol in other countries of the region • 5-Initiatives to develop biodiesel programmes in some Latin American countries have started to move ahead only recently . Analysis need to assess the financial, economic and social gains from the production of biofuels

  32. CONCLUSIONS • Latin America leads the carbon market with 49% of all registered projects and it is the largest supplier of projects under the clean development mechanism (CDM) • Methane reduction in sanitary landfills accounts for the largest proportion of emission abatement projects in the region • The future of CDM in LAC depends on renewable energy projects, but any initiative to support these could interfere with their eligibility for CDM

More Related