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P a r t i t i on of I nd i a

P a r t i t i on of I nd i a. P a r t i t i on Of I n dia. The P a r tit io n o f I nd i a led t o the c r e a t ion o f t w o s o v e r e i gn

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P a r t i t i on of I nd i a

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  1. Partitionof India

  2. PartitionOf India ThePartitionof Indialedtothe creationoftwosovereign states,theDominionofPakistan(laterIslamicRepublicof Pakistan)andtheUnionofIndia(laterRepublicofIndia)on August14,1947andAugust151947,respectivelyuponthe grantingofindependencetoBritishIndiabytheUnited Kingdom. 'Partition'refers to the division of land – in this case, the division of British controlled India into East & West Pakistan and India.  

  3. IndiaafterPartition India after partition India under British Control

  4. KeyPlayers AllIndiaMuslimLeague IndianNationalCongress LordMountbatten SirCyrilRadcliffe MohammedAliJinnah JawaharlalNehru Gandhi Andmanymore…

  5. AllIndiaMuslimLeague TheAllIndiaMuslimLeague,foundedatDhakain 1906,wasa politicalpartyinBritishIndiathat developed intothedrivingforcebehindthecreationofPakistanasa MuslimstatefromBritishIndiaontheIndiansubcontinent InPakistan,theLeagueformedthecountry'sfirst government,butdisintegratedduringthe1950sfollowingan armycoup. AftertheindependenceofIndiaandPakistan,theLeague continuedasaminorpartyinIndia.

  6. IndianNationalCongress IndianNationalCongressabbreviatedasINCis amajor politicalpartyinIndia. TheIndianNationalCongressbecamethenation'sleaderin theIndependenceMovement,withover15millionIndians involvedinitsorganizationsandover70millionparticipants initsstruggleagainsttheBritishEmpire. Afterindependencein1947,itbecamethenation'sdominant politicalparty,onlychallengedforleadershipinmorerecent decades. NehrubecameaverypowerfulmanwiththesupportofINC    

  7. LordMountbatten

  8. LordMountbatten LordMountbatten,thegreatgrandsonofQueenVictoria, andsecondcousinofGeorgeV HeisthelastViceroyofIndia HetooktheresponsibilityofpartioningBritishIndiaandalso tosendbackBritishtroopsbacktoEngland. HedevelopedastrongrelationshipwiththeIndianprinces whoweresaidtohaveconsiderableconfidenceinhim,and onthebasisofhisrelationshipwiththeBritishmonarchy persuadedmostofthemtoaccedetothenewstatesofIndia andPakistan    

  9. SirCyril Radcliffe

  10. SirCyril Radcliffe SirCyrilRadcliffewasgiventhetask ofdrawingthedividing linebetweenIndiaandPakistan Beforehisappointment,RadcliffehadnevervisitedIndia beforeandknewno-oneinIndia.TotheBritishandthe feudingpoliticiansalike,thisliabilitywaslookeduponasan asset;hewasconsideredtobeunbiasedtowardanyofthe parties,exceptofcourseBritain Wantingtopreservetheappearanceofimpartiality,Radcliffe alsokepthisdistancefromViceroyMountbatten

  11. MohammedAliJinnah

  12. Jinnah MuhammadAliJinnah(December25,1876– September11,1948)wasaMuslimpoliticianandleaderof theAllIndiaMuslimLeaguewhofoundedPakistanand servedasitsfirstGovernor-General. HeisofficiallyknowninPakistanasQuaid-e-Azam(Great Leader)andBaba-e-Qaum("FatheroftheNation"). HisbirthdayisanationalholidayinPakistan. HewasthemainresponsiblepersonforthepartitionofIndia

  13. JawaharlalNehru

  14. JawaharlalNehru(November14,1889–May27,1964) wasamajorpoliticalleaderoftheCongressParty,a pivotal figureintheIndianindependencemovementandthefirst PrimeMinisterofindependentIndia. HeinitiallybelievedinunitedIndiabutlaterdroppedthe ideaafterseeingthe communalriotsinBengal. HisfamilyplayedamajorroleinIndianpolitics.Eventoday, hisfamilyistherulinggovernmentinIndia

  15. MahatmaGandhi

  16. Gandhi MohandasKaramchandGandhi(2 October1869–30 January1948), also knownasMahatmaGandhi,wasa majorpoliticalandspiritualleaderofIndiaand theIndian independencemovement.  Hewas thepioneerofSatyagraha,whichled toindependenceand inspiredmovementsfor India civil  rightsand freedomacross Heis theFatherofNation Hisbirthdayis celebrated theworld. forIndia. worldwideas   “InternationalDayof Non-Violence‖

  17. ReasonsforPartitionofIndia Themainreasonis,―India containslargepercentageof Hindus.IfIndiagetsindependence,thentheruling governmentisobviouslydecidedbythe majority(hindus).Toliveundertheruleof Hindus, muslimsthoughttheymaygetinjusticeandmaynot betreatedwell.Sotheythoughtofforminganew country‖

  18. Reasons TheideaofPartitionofIndiaisstrengthened year after year. Itcanbedivided 1920–1932 1932–1942 1942–1946 1947 FinallyIndiawas intofourphases dividedintoMuslim majoritynationand (HinduandSikh) majoritynation.

  19. 1920-1932:RootforPartitionIdea Amongthefirsttomakethedemandforaseparatestatewas thephilosopherAllamaIqbal,who,inhispresidentialaddress tothe1930conventionoftheMuslimLeaguesaidthathefelt aseparatenationforMuslimswasessentialinan otherwiseHindu-dominatedsubcontinent. By1930,Jinnahhadbeguntodespairofthefateofminority communitiesina united mainstreampartiessuch onceamember,were Indiaandhadbeguntoarguethat astheCongress,ofwhichhewas insensitivetoMusliminterests.

  20. 1932–1942:GrowthinPartitionIdea HinduorganisationssuchastheHinduMahasabha,though againstthedivisionofthecountry,werealsoinsistingonthe samechasmbetweenHindusandMuslims. In1937atthe19thsessionoftheHinduMahasabhaheldat Ahmedabad,VeerSavarkarinhispresidentialaddress asserted: Indiacannotbeassumedtodayto beUnitarian and homogeneous nation,but on thecontrary thereare twonationsin themain —theHindusandthe Muslims.

  21. 1932-1942:SpreadofPartitionIdea Atthe1940AIMLconferenceinLahore,Jinnahmadeclear hiscommitmenttotwoseparatestates,apositionfrom whichtheLeagueneveragainwavered: TheHindusandtheMuslimsbelongtotwo differentreligions,philosophies,socialcustomsand literature…Toyoketogethertwosuchnations underasinglestate,oneasanumericalminority andtheotherasamajority,mustleadtogrowing discontentandfinaldestructionof anyfabricthat maybesobuiltupforthegovernmentof sucha state.  

  22. 1942–1946:Partitionatitspeak Politiciansandcommunityleadersonbothsideswhippedup mutualsuspicionandfear,culminatingindreadfulevents suchastheriotsduringtheMuslimLeague'sDirectActionDay ofAugust 1946 AspublicorderbrokedownallacrossnorthernIndiaand Bengal,thepressureincreasedtoseekapoliticalpartitionof territoriesasawaytoavoidafull-scalecivilwar.

  23. DirectActionDay DirectActionDay,alsoknownastheGreatCalcuttaRiot, and"TheWeekoftheLongKnives",startedonAugust16, 1946. Itwasaday,theMuslimLeaguehadplannedgeneralstrike, 16th hartal,toprotesttherejectionoftheJune Cabinet MissionPlanbytheCongressPartyandtoassertitsdemand foraseparatehomelandduringtheIndianFreedomStruggle againsttheBritishRaj.

  24. DirectActionDay: cont.. ThisprotesttriggeredmassiveriotsinCalcutta,instigatedby theMuslimLeagueanditsVolunteerCorpsagainstHindus andSikhs,followedbyretaliatory attacksonMuslimsby Congressfollowersandsupportersledtofurtherriotsinthe surroundingregionsofBengalandBihar. InCalcutta,within72hours,morethan4,000peoplelost theirlivesand100,000residentsinthecityofCalcuttawere lefthomeless.

  25. SomephotosofDirectActionDay

  26. Gandhiideas MostoftheCongressleadersweresecularistsandresolutely opposedthedivisionofIndiaonthelinesofreligion. MohandasGandhiwasbothreligiousandirenic,believing thatHindusandMuslimscouldandshouldliveinamity.He opposedthepartition,saying, ―MywholesoulrebelsagainsttheideathatHinduism andIslamrepresenttwo antagonisticcultures and doctrines.To assentto such a doctrineis for mea denialofGod.‖

  27. GandiStrugglesandhismurder Foryears,Gandhiandhisadherentsstruggledtokeep MuslimsintheCongressParty(amajorexitofmanyMuslim activistsbeganinthe1930s),intheprocessenragingboth HinduNationalistsandIndianMuslimNationalists. BecauseofthisHindumahasabhawasagainsthim. GandhiwasassassinatedsoonafterPartition byHindu NationalistNathuramGodse(fromhindumahasabha),who believedthat GandhiwasappeasingMuslimsatthecostof Hindus.

  28. 1947:Finally PartitionofIndia AfterDirectActionDay,everyone todivideindia. MountbattenPlan Theactualdivisionbetween thetwo newdominionswas doneaccording towhathas cometobeknown asthe 3rdJunePlanor MountbattenPlan felt that it will be better

  29. IndianIndependenceAct OnJuly18,1947,theBritishParliamentpassedtheIndian IndependenceActthatfinalizedthepartitionarrangement. TheIndianIndependenceAct1947wasthelegislationpassed bytheBritishParliamentthatofficiallyapprovedthe independenceofIndiaandthepartitionofIndia.

  30. RadcliffeLine Thetask ofdividingIndiaisgiventoSirCyrilRadcliffe.The dividinglinebetweenIndiaandpakistaniscalledRadcliffe line. Hewasnotwillingtodrawthelineinthreemonthsbuthe wasforcedtodrawtheline. Thehardtask toallocatelahore.Lahoreisa bigcitywith diversesecularism. Hetookthehelpofhisprivatesecretary,Christopher Beaumontwhowasfamiliarwiththeadministrationandlife inthePunjab    

  31. RadcliffeLine Theimmediateconsequencesofpartitionwerehorrendous forbothcountriesthoughitis doubtfulthat anything Radcliffecouldhavedonewould havemadeagreat difference; Eventhemostcarefullycraftedborderwouldhaveprovoked themassivepopulationmigrationswhichresulted. Radcliffewasatallturnsharassedandhurriedbyoutgoing ViceroyMountbatten,whoturnedouttobeillpreparedfor theconsequencesofthepartition.

  32. Someimportantdates 3June1947:CyrilRadcliffeappointedasthechairmanof theBoundaryCommission 8July1947:CyrilRadcliffearrives inDelhi 13August 1947:CyrilRadcliffesubmitsthe partitionmap) 14,15August 1947:PakistanandIndiawere declaredasindependentnations 17August 1947:Radcliffelinereleased. report(the dividedand

  33. RadcliffeLine Pakistancameintobeingwithtwonon-contiguousenclaves, EastPakistan(todayBangladesh)andWestPakistan,separated geographicallybyIndia. IndiawasformedoutofthemajorityHinduregionsofthe colony,andPakistanfromthemajorityMuslimareas. 17th BecauseoflatereleaseofRadcliffelinebytwodays( aug),manypeoplelostlivesincommunityriots.Noone understoodwhytheyreleasedthelinelately??

  34. Populationexchanges Massivepopulationexchangesoccurredbetweenthetwo newly-formedstatesinthemonthsimmediatelyfollowing Partition. Oncethe lineswereestablished,about14.5millionpeople crossedtheborderstowhattheyhopedwastherelative safetyofreligiousmajority. Basedon1951Censusofdisplacedpersons,7,226,000 MuslimswenttoPakistanfromIndiawhile7,249,000 HindusandSikhs movedtoIndiafromPakistanimmediately afterpartition.   

  35. Populationexchanges About11.2millionor78%ofthepopulationtransfertook placeinthewest,withPunjabaccountingformostofit. 5.3millionMuslimsmovedfromIndiatoWestPunjabin Pakistan,3.4millionHindusandSikhs movedfromPakistan toEastPunjabinIndia. Elsewhereinthewest1.2millionmovedineachdirectionto andfromSind.

  36. Populationexchanges Thenewlyformedgovernmentswerecompletely unequippedtodealwithmigrationsofsuchstaggering magnitude,andmassiveviolenceandslaughteroccurredon bothsidesoftheborder. Estimatesofthenumberofdeathsrangearoundroughly 500,000,withlowestimates at200,000andhighestimates at 1,000,000.

  37. ViolenceAgainst Women Informationabouttopicpractically non-existent Womenfacedwiththebruntof the partitionviolence In―dishonoring‖awomenyou dishonorthereligion,honor,and cultureof themanassociatedwiththe woman ―defilethepurity‖oftheotherrace byimpregnatingtheir womenand forcingsex Nearly75,000womenfacedwith somesortof violence    

  38. What Actually Happened Womenwere: Kidnapped Raped Molested Paradednakedinthestreets Forcedprostitution Breastscutoff Boughtandforcedintomarriage Forcedchangeinidentity

  39. Inter-Dominion December6,1947 Treaty AgreementbetweenIndiaand Pakistantorecovertheabducted women MridulaSarabhai appointedchief socialworker Definitionofwhois―abducted‖: ―anywomanseentobelivingwith, inthecompanyof,orina relationshipwithamanoftheother religion,afterMarch1,1947would bepresumedtohavebeen abducted,takenbyforce.‖   

  40. The Fight Continues: The Basics of the Kashmir Conflict • The Kashmir conflict is a dispute between India and Pakistan over control of the region of Kashmir • Each country lays claim to Kashmir due to nationalism and the controversial politics of the region • Conflicting ideologies and the refusal of either party to compromise have stymied efforts to reach a solution

  41. Geography • Bordered by Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and China • Contains about 85,000 square miles of land • Mountainous, sparsely populated region • Varied climate due to elevation • Most populated area is the Vale of Kashmir, on the Indian side • Currently, Kashmir is divided into three regions: one controlled by India, one controlled by Pakistan, and a small area controlled by China

  42. Demographics • According to a 2001 census, Kashmir has about 10 million residents • 7.5 million in Indian-controlled territory • 2.5 million in Pakistani-controlled territory • Three-quarters of the population are Muslim, and the remaining one-quarter is predominantly Hindu

  43. Divided Kashmir Indian Kashmir Pakistani Kashmir Pakistan controls the northwest, with a harsher climate and sparser population Pakistan’s territory is divided into two regions: Azad Kashmir, or free Kashmir, which has its own government, and the Northern Areas, which are governed directly by Pakistan Azad Kashmir is about 4,500 square miles, and the Northern Areas are about 28,000 square miles • India controls the southeast portion of Kashmir, which has the most fertile land • Indian territory is governed as a state, called Jammu and Kashmir

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