The Body in Health and Disease

1. 2 The Body in Health and Disease

2. Chapter 2 - Part A: The Body In Health -There are seven different ways the human body can be studied. -Healthis defined as all the body parts functioning correctly.

3. 1. Body Planes and Body Directions: Anatomical Position Body Planes: coronal plane sagittal plane transverse plane

4. Figure 2-1 Human body in anatomical position Figure 2-3 Coronal and sagittal sutures of the cranium

5. Coronal plane

6. Sagittalplane

7. Transverse plane

8. The Coronal Plane and Body Directions: Coronal Plane Directions: Anterior or Ventral or Prone Posterior or Dorsal or Supine

9. Figure 2-5 Posteroanterior direction

10. The Sagittal Plane and Body Directions: Sagittal Plane Directions: Midsagittal- is used when dividing the body into equal left and right sides. Parasagittal- is used when the body is divided anywhere to the left or right of the midline.

11. Figure 2-7Midsagittal view of the head on an MRI scan (DR Unique/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.) MRI Video Clip?

12. The Sagittal Plane and Body Directions: Sagittal Directions: Medial- moving towards the midline of the body. Lateral- moving away from the midline.

13. The Transverse Plane and Body Directions: Transverse Directions: Superior- upper half of the body. Inferior- lower half of the body.

14. Figure 2-10 Superior and inferior parts

15. The Transverse Plane and Body Directions: Transverse Directions: Cephalad- moving superiorly. Caudad- moving inferiorly.

16. Other Body Directions and Positions: Distal vs. Proximal Superficial vs. Deep

17. 2. Body Cavities -A cavity is a hollow space that is surrounded by bones or muscles. Cranial Spinal Thoracic Abdominal & Pelvic

18. Figure 2-14 Body cavities

19. 3. Quadrants and Regions -The anterior surface of the abdominopelvic area can be divided into four quadrants or nine regions. -The four quadrants include: Right upper quadrant (RUQ). Left upper quadrant (LUQ). Left lower quadrant (LLQ). Right lower quadrant (RLQ).

20. Quadrants and Regions: -The nine regions include the: Right and left hypochondriac regions. Epigastric region. Right and left lumbar regions. Umbilical region. Right and left inguinal or iliac regions. Hypogastric region.

21. 4. Anatomy and Physiology -Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body. -Physiology is the study of the function of those structures.

22. 5. Microscopic-to-Macroscopic -Microscopic Diagnosis: using a microscope to study cells and cellular structures to test and diagnose what is occurring. -Macroscopic Diagnosis: using the naked eye to study tissues, organs, and body systems to test and diagnose what is occurring.

23. 6. Body Systems -Studying the various organs and how they function together in a body system: Gastrointestinal (Gl) system Respiratory system Cardiovascular (CV) system Blood Lymphatic system Integumentary system

24. Body Systems: Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Urinary system Male genital and reproductive system Female genital and reproductive system Endocrine system Eyes Ears, nose, and throat (ENT) system

25. 7. Medical Specialties Gastroenterology Pulmonology Cardiology Hematology

26. 7. Medical Specialties Cont. 5. Immunology 6. Dermatology 7. Orthopedics – Skeletal 8. Orthopedics – Muscular 9. Neurology 10. Urology 11. Male Reproductive 12. Gynecology and Obstetrics 13. Endocrinology 14. Ophthalmology 15. Otolaryngology (ENT)

27. Other Medical Specialties: -Other medical specialties that are not directly related to a body system include the following:

28. Other Medical Specialties

29. Chapter 2 – Part B: The Body in Disease -Preventive Medicine is the healthcare specialty that focuses on keeping a person healthy and preventing disease. -Disease: any change in the normal structure or function of the body. -Etiologyis the cause or origin of a disease.

30. Disease Categories: Congenital Degenerative Environmental Hereditary Iatrogenic Idiopathic Infectious Neoplastic Nosocomial Nutritional

31. Onset, Course, and Outcome of Disease Patients will experience: Symptoms- any deviation from health that is perceived or felt. Signs- physical appearance that is able to be seen or detected by others.

32. -Syndrome is a set of symptoms and signs associated with, and characteristic of, one particular disease. -Asymptomatic patients can still have a disease, but it can only be detected by medical tests. -Symptoms and Signs Classification: Acute (sudden and severe) Subacute (less severe in intensity), or Chronic (continuing for 3 months or more)

33. Course and Outcome of Disease To fully understand the patient’s symptoms and signs, the physician does the following: -Medical history and physical examination. -Techniques used(as needed) during the physical examination: inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion. -Diagnosis is made that identifies the nature and cause of the disease or condition. -If the physician cannot make a diagnosis, the patient undergoes further diagnostic tests or is referred to a specialist.

34. Figure 2-18 Inspection (S. O’Brien/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.)

35. Figure 2-19 Palpation (Michal Heron/Pearson Education/PH College)

36. Figure 2-20 Auscultation (Corbis RF)

37. Figure 2-21 Percussion (Michal Heron/Pearson Education/PH College)

38. -Exacerbation is a sudden worsening in the severity of the symptoms or signs. -Sequela is an abnormal condition or complication that arises because of the original disease and remains after the original disease has resolved. -Remissionis a temporary improvement in the symptoms and signs of a disease without the underlying disease being cured. -Relapse is a return of the original symptoms and signs of the disease.

39. -Therapeuticis defined as when treatment causes the symptoms or signs of the disease to disappear. -Refractory is defined as when the disease does not respond to treatment.

40. -Diagnosis is the act of identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms. -Prognosis is the predicted course or outcome of a disease. -The course of a disease can have one of three outcomes: Recuperation or recovery Disability Terminal Illness

41. Healthcare Professionals and Healthcare Settings Physician -The leader of the healthcare team who examines the patient, orders tests, diagnoses diseases, and treats diseases by prescribing drugs or therapy. -Surgeons are physicians who complete additional training in surgery. -Primary care physicians (PCPs) specialize in family practice or pediatrics. -A physician who is on the medical staff of a hospital and admits a patient to the hospital is known as the attending physician.

42. Physician Extenders -PEs are healthcare professionals who work under the supervision of a physician. -PEs examine, diagnose, and treat patients and prescribe medications. -Physician extenders include: physician’s assistants (PAs), nurse practitioners (NPs), certified nurse midwives (CNMs), and certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs).

43. Nurse -Examines patients, makes nursing diagnoses, and administers treatments or drugs ordered by the physician. -Gives hands-on care and focuses on the physical and emotional needs of the patient and the family.

44. Allied Health Professionals: -Technologists -Technicians -Therapists -Dietitians -Medical assistants -Phlebotomists -Dental hygienists -Audiologists

45. Healthcare Settings 1. Hospital -provides care patients who require medical or surgical care for longer than 24 hours. -physicians must write an order in the patient’s medical record to admit or discharge the patient. -a patient who stays overnight in a room/bed within the hospital is an inpatient. -ancillary departments -hospital types: general, specialty, government, university or college.

46. 2. Physician’s Office (Medical Office) -A single or group of physicians that maintain an office. -Services: examinations, diagnostic, tests, diagnosis, rx. -Seriously ill patients who cannot be quickly diagnosed or adequately treated in the office are sent to a hospital.

47. 3.Clinic -Provides general or specific healthcare services. -Convenience factors and drawbacks. -Example: well-baby clinic provides care to newborn infants.

48. 4. Ambulatory Surgery Center (ASC) -An ASC is a facility where minor surgery is performed and the patient does not stay overnight. -Known as Outpatient Surgery Centers

49. 5. Long-Term-Care Facility -A residential facility for elderly or disabled persons who are unable to care for themselves. -Provides 24-hour nursing care. -Persons in long-term care facilities are residents rather than patients.

50. 6. Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) -Long-term care facility that provides a high level of medical and nursing care for patients recently discharged from the hospital.