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Margaret Adamek, University of MN Class of 1989 February 9, 2005

Dysfunctional Foods: How the Contemporary American Food System Creates Imbalanced Bodies, Minds and Behaviors. Margaret Adamek, University of MN Class of 1989 February 9, 2005. How many of you know someone…. Who has struggled with alcoholism? Who suffers from depression or anxiety?

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Margaret Adamek, University of MN Class of 1989 February 9, 2005

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  1. Dysfunctional Foods:How the Contemporary American Food System Creates Imbalanced Bodies, Minds and Behaviors Margaret Adamek, University of MN Class of 1989 February 9, 2005

  2. How many of you know someone… • Who has struggled with alcoholism? • Who suffers from depression or anxiety? • Who has chronic issues with their weight or struggles with eating disorders? • Who has a child with hyperactivity or attention deficit issues? • Who has been diagnosed with diabetes? • Who has a family with one or more of these issues?

  3. solving weight issues • Standard Approach: Individual Responsibility • Cut calories • Increase activity • Reduce soft drink and fast food consumption • Reduce time spent watching television and playing video games

  4. Why doesn’t this work? • Sugars (sweeteners and refined carbohydrates) have a drug effect on the brain • Sugars cause the body to release its own opiates (beta endorphin) • Sugars act on the same neurotransmitter system as alcohol, morphine and heroin • You have a population in a constant state of withdrawal, craving and relapse

  5. from branches to roots: the effects of diet on people

  6. …..the unraveling web caffeine sugar & amphetamine

  7. neurochemical roots of the problem • Volatile blood sugar • Low serotonin • Low beta endorphin • Low dopamine Glucose molecule

  8. Volatile blood sugar • Tired all the time for little reason • Restless and edgy • Confused/foggy/spacey • Irritable and easily frustrated • Cranky • Short-fused

  9. Low serotonin • Depressed • Impulsive • Short attention span • Scattered • Aggressive • Reactive • Craving sweets and carbohydrates Serotonin peptide

  10. Low beta endorphin • Low pain tolerance • Low self-esteem and feels inadequate • Tearful • Sensitive to criticism • Feels isolated • Seeks crisis • Feels victimized • Craves sugar and fat Beta endorphin peptide

  11. Low dopamine • Correlated with unhappiness • Linked to aggressive behavior and violence • Lack of ‘positive emotionality’ • Protein intake positively influences dopamine production dopamine peptide

  12. Restoring health, land and food • Dietary change is very difficult, even when more healthful options are available • The ‘addicted body’ must be stabilized to assist in the rejection of the contemporary diet • As the land and diet are brought into balance, so too must the body

  13. Theory of Sugar SensitivityKathleen DesMaisons, Ph.D • DBA/C57 mice – inherited suite of biochemical deficits that give rise to a set of emotional and physical symptoms • Individuals who suffer from this profile seek out foods or substances that elevate these deficits… • Sugar, fat, alcohol and other drugs cause the brain to produce opiates C57 DBA

  14. Sugar Sensitive Eating Habits • Skip breakfast • Low protein intake • Erratic mealtimes • High intake of refined carbohydrates and sugars • Frequent meal skipping • High consumption of caffeine • True of alcoholics and of ‘C57’ sugar sensitive types

  15. Research Base • Sugar and alcohol evokes beta endorphin (Gianoulakis 1994, 1996; Blass 1991, 1995) • Low serotonin, carbohydrate craving, obesity and depression (Wurtman 1986, 1995) • Fat consumption and beta endorphin release (Drewnoski 1983, 1987, 1992) • Serotonin, and relationship to fat and sugar intake (Fernstrom 1971, 1986, 1987, 1995)

  16. More Research • Sugar induces physical dependency (Colantuoni and Hoebel 2002) • Sugar is a ‘gateway’ substance that increases likelihood of addiction to other substances, e.g. amphetamines (Hoebel 2003) • Sugar creates endogenous beta endorphin response (Schoenbaum 1989) • Sugar and fat together create significantly increased consumption behavior (Kelley 2003)

  17. More research… • Palatability/sweet taste alone will evoke opiate response(Hoebel) • High fructose corn syrup does not metabolize in ways that other sugars do, creating biochemical reactions that alter metabolism(Bray 2003)

  18. Further research…. • Too much fructose alters metabolism (Teff, 2004) • One serving of soft drink per day increases a women’s chances of Type II diabetes by 85% (Schulze, 2004)

  19. …and yet more!! • Addiction mechanism in the rat is similar to humans (Deroche-Gamonet et al., 2004) • Areas in brain activated in food craving are also activated in drug craving (Raglund et al 2004)

  20. what do you get?

  21. Steps toward StabilityKathleen DesMaisons, Ph.D. • Eat breakfast everyday – within one hour of waking; adequate protein; complex carbohydrates 2. Journal what and when you eat/how you physically and emotionally feel

  22. Steps toward StabilityKathleen DesMaisons, Ph.D. • Eat three meals a day – spaced 5 – 6 hours apart; adequate protein, complex carbohydrates and vegetables; move sugar consumption to meals 4. Vitamins and Nightly Potato – vitamin C (free radical scavenger); B-complex – aids in detoxification and restoration; zinc; omega 3 fatty acids//potato for serotonin synthesis

  23. Steps toward Stability 5. Whites to Browns – slowly move refined grains to whole grains 6. Remove Sugars – slowly remove ‘overt’ and ‘covert’ sweeteners

  24. Steps Toward Stability 7.Stabilize – beta endorphin receptor increase and stabilization; explore food allergy issues; adequate fatty acids consumption; increase insulin receptor sites to heal insulin resistance

  25. Effects of diet • Regulates blood sugar – no dips and spikes • No ‘sleepies;’ less irritability; not moody • Elevates serotonin • Able to say ‘no’ and no impulsive behavior • Increases beta endorphin • Secure sense of self; strong self-esteem and self-acceptance • Increases dopamine • Less aggressive, diminished violence and anger

  26. How do you feel? • Consistent, steady energy without fits of fatigue or drowsiness • Happy, upbeat, not feeling ‘done to’ • Secure and relaxed – not anxious • Productive and able to concentrate • Compassionate and patient • Good at self-care

  27. Activating Opiates Skipping meals ‘Binge’ sugar dose Super Size Me – sugar and fat Compulsive exercise Stabilizing Opiates Regular mealtimes Adequate food for blood sugar Removal of excessive refined carbs No sugar on an empty stomach! Exercise & fun! Beta endorphin

  28. What are we seeing? • 92% long term success rate with alcoholism recovery • Drastic improvement in depression, ADHD, OCD, ODD, anxiety, weight, self-esteem, diabetes • Improved triglycerides, lipids, blood glucose levels, cholesterol

  29. Connecting the body to community • How we produce food • What we produce • How we process food • How we consume food • What are the economic, ecological, cultural and health impacts? • Healing the sacred web of life…

  30. Obesity: Where are we today? • 64% of U.S. adults are estimated obese or overweight (NHANES 1999-2000) • 31 % of Americans are estimated obese - (NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2000) • 106% increase in obesity nationwide since 1981 (French et al. 2001) • 5 – 7% increase in obesity each year (CDC) • All but one state has 15% or greater rate of population as overweight (CDC) • 58% of Minnesotans are overweight or obese (CDC)

  31. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1991-2002 1991 1995 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) 2002 No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

  32. Diabetes – where are we now? • 70% of diagnosed Type II diabetes is attributable to obesity(NIDDK – NIH) • 6.3% of American population is diabetic(NIDDK-NIH) • 6% increase in diabetes per year(NIDDK-NIH) • Between 1990 -1998, prevalence of diagnosed diabetes increased 33%(CDC 2002)

  33. Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1990, 1995 and 2000 1990 1995 2000 Source: Mokdad et al., Diabetes Care 2000;23:1278-83; J Am Med Assoc 2001;286(10).

  34. Depression & anxiety today • 9.5% of American adults suffers from depression each year (National Institutes of Mental Health - NIH Publication No. 01-4584 ) • 13.3% of American adults suffer from anxiety disorders (National Institutes of Mental Health - NIH Publication No. 01-4584 )

  35. Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder • 7.5% of children exhibit this disorder; 3 times as many boys as girls (data taken from Minnesota; Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2002) • 80% of prescriptions for amphetamines are written for children diagnosed with ADHD (DEA Congressional Testimony, 2000) • Administration of amphetamines to children has risen 3000% in the last ten years (DEA Congressional Testimony, 2000)

  36. Alcoholism • More than 50% of American adults have a close relative who has/had a drinking problem (Dawson 1998) • 7.4% of American adults are dependent or abuse alcohol in 2000 (Grant 1994) • 20% of individuals seeking primary healthcare are alcoholic (Bellas, Rand Corporation, 2000) • 6.3% of adult Minnesotans report chronic drinking (NIAAA 1984-2002) • 90% of alcoholics are likely to experience at least one relapse during the four years after treatment (NIAAA 1989)

  37. Economic Impact - Obesity • $78.5 billion in healthcare costs for obesity(National Health Accounts, CDC) • 7% of US healthcare costs are obesity-related (French, 2003) • $1.307 billion in healthcare costs for Minnesota(CDC) • Obesity-related disability claims up 130% between 1984 and 1996 for ages 30 – 49(Rand Corporation) • By 2020, 20% of healthcare expenditures would be for obesity-related issues.

  38. Economic Impact - Obesity • Obesity is associated with a 36% increase in inpatient and outpatient spending • Obesity is associated with a 77% increase in medications (Sturm 2002

  39. Economic impact – depression/anxiety/alcoholism • Cost of depression is $83.1 billion (Greenberg et al. 2003) • For diabetes….$98 billion per year (premature mortality, disability, healthcare costs, workloss) • For alcoholism, estimated productivity loss is $134.2 billion (NIAAA 2001) • Alcohol-related illness costs $87.6 billion; premature death $36.5 billion (NIAAA 2001) • For alcoholism, estimated cost of alcohol abuse is $185 billion for 1998 (NIAAA 2001)

  40. impact on our children • 27% of children are overweight (Centers for Disease Control) • Obesity rates among children have doubled in the last ten years and tripled for adolescents (Troiano, 1998) • Children born in the year 2000 have a 33% chance of becoming diabetic if they’re boys; 39% if they’re girls(Venkat Narayan et al, 2004) • Childhood tantrums are positively correlated with obesity (Agras et al. 2004)

  41. How do these public health issues relate to diet? Public Health Crisis

  42. Change in Carbohydrate Consumption • Increase of 50% in refined carbohydrates from 1970 (USDA Economic Research Service) • Americans consume less than one serving per day of whole grains (USDA Economic Research Service) • 4000+% increase in consumption per annum per person of high fructose corn syrup (USDA Economic Research Service) • Additional average 300 daily calories consumed attributed to increase in carbohydrate consumption (CDC 2004)

  43. U.S. Sugar Intake • Sugar intake rose 30 percent between 1983 and 1999 and was at 158 pounds per person/year (Center for Science in Public Interest – 222.cspinet.org/new/sugar_limit.html)

  44. Candy and Other Confectionary Products: US Per Capita Consumption, 1966 – 2000, Pounds/ Year

  45. US Per Capita High Fructose Corn Syrup Disappearance 1967 – 2000,Pounds / Year

  46. Introduction of new, larger portions, 1970–1999. Number of Large-Size Portions Introduced Year Young & Nestle 2002

  47. Portion sizes • Energy dense, nutrient poor foods comprise 27% of diet (+ 4% alcohol) (Kant 2000) • Standard portion size for factory-made cookies exceeds USDA standards by 700%; muffins by 333%, and bagels by 195% • French fries, hamburgers and sodas increased 2 – 5 times since 1970 • 7-11 Big Gulp contains the caloric equivalent of more than one third the energy requirement of large segments of American population (Young and Nestle 2002)

  48. Media Attention • The Sunday Telegraph – UK – Food Industry has known for years that foods high in fat and sugar impact consumption (August 2003) • Atlanta Constitution – “Sugar Nation” Series (November 2002) • New York Times Sunday Magazine – “What if It’s All Been a Big, Fat Lie?” (July 2002) • World Health Organization – “Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases” (February 2003)

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