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Lecture 5-State and Power in International Relations.

Lecture 5-State and Power in International Relations. State Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States 1933. 1.Permanent Population 2.Defined Territory a) Israel exist but the boundaries are not defined, so does Ethiopia/Eritrea the Boundary disputes have not yet been settled.

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Lecture 5-State and Power in International Relations.

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  1. Lecture 5-State and Power in International Relations. • State • Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States 1933. • 1.Permanent Population • 2.Defined Territory • a) Israel exist but the boundaries are not defined, so does Ethiopia/Eritrea the Boundary disputes have not yet been settled.

  2. Lecture 14.1 • 3. Capacity to enter into relations with other states • 4. Capable maintaining effective control over territory. • a) implies acceptance into the international community.

  3. Lecture 14.2 • b) Although there is a general requirement that a state has some form of government or means of exercising control a state does not cease to exist when this control is in dispute or when it is temporarily deprived of effective control as in wartime, civil wars or revolution.

  4. Lecture 14.3 • B. The qualifications are not absolute and variations exist. • C. Tracing the concept of the origin of state- • 1. The Treaty of Westphalia is the beginning • 2. It gave every entity the right to do its activities.

  5. Lecture 14.4 • D. Stateless society do exist or existed especially where demarcation is not/were no proper – for example the boundary of Munhumutapa empire/state, Ndebele State under Mzilikazi/Lobengula.

  6. Lecture 14.5 • The boundaries were porous hence problems for Africa-Ethiopia, Eritrea, Morocco Saharahwi, Zimbabwe/Mozambique, Great Lakes Region where populations, ethnic groups have been arbitrary. • State in itself, is an association a form of organisation in which a society(one among may)

  7. Lecture 14.6 • G. Others refer to it as a country, others a government(makes policies and decisions. • H. There is a government in every organisation. • I. Members of the association are – Human beings, citizens- some might be resident with rights and obligations, not citizens, not residents-work permits but they pay taxes or visitor, contract, but • Tey they still have obligations to obey the laws of the state.

  8. Lecture 14.7 • It Imposes rights and obligations to members, uses force and other instruments, is regarded as the only association which has the monopoly of power – instrument of force. • K. Purpose of State • 1. Survival Instrument • Provide law and Order(system of rewards and punishment)

  9. Lecture 14.8 • 3.Law and Order means state will survive if no it will not. • 4. Absence of law and order and its enforcement state collapse e.g. Yugoslavia, Somalia • 5. Moral Purpose • a) To do good in relation to liberal democracy

  10. Lecture 14.8 • b) The state is regarded as a neutral Umpire/referee of competing interest of individuals and associations • c) It is there to prevent clash of interests (moral and material) drug trafficking. • d) Which might be legitimate or illegitimate

  11. Lecture 14.9 • L. Marx – The above is not true. The state is executive committee of class that is in charge of capitalist exploiting bourgeoisie. • M. Harrold Lasswell – association that is supreme and sovereign. • 1. But the state should not be sovereign because it will oppress.

  12. Lecture 14.10 • 2.It must compete with other religious organisations. • 3. It is the people who are sovereign not the state. Nation • A Vague notion B. Which refers to a social collectivity, the members which share some or all of the following.

  13. Lecture 14.11 2. A sense of common identity 3. A history 4. A language 5. Ethnic or racial origins, religion 6. An economic life 7. A geographical location 8. A political base.

  14. Lecture 14.12 • C. However these criteria and characteristics are often present in different degrees and combinations. • Nations can exist without a distinct political identity e.g. a Welsh nation, they exist without a defined territorial base, Jewish nation before 1948 and they can exist without common linguistic, cultural, religious or ethnic components e.g. Indian nation.

  15. Lecture 14.13 • The difficulties faced in definition are compounded by the political usage that tends to blur the distinction between the social and legal components of the membership.

  16. Lecture 14.14 • Thus membership of the United Nations refers to political entities defined by spatial territorial boundaries and those groupings/peoples who fall outside this rubric e.g. the Kurds appear therefore not to posses the relevant criteria. • In this, connection the term nation-state may be more precise.

  17. Lecture 14.15 • NATION STATE • A. It is the dominant political entity of modern world hence they are the primary unit of international relations • B. It developed in Europe between the 16th and 19th Century after the collapse of the holly Roman Empire and the emergence of the centralised state claiming exclusive and monopolistic authority within a defined territory.

  18. Lecture 14.16 • C. Historically, the fusion of nation and state post dated the process of political centralization and it was the 19th century that witnessed the dovetailing of political organisation wit a particular social grouping which constituted a nation.

  19. Lecture 14.17 • D.The 20th Century has witnessed what appears to be the growing trend towards supranational forms of political organisation, especially on regional basis, yet the national state is still an important force in world politics.

  20. Lecture 14.18 • E. However, its detractors have argued that although it may have been the most effective political formation in terms of providing economic well-being, physical security and national identity there is no guarantee that this will continue.

  21. Lecture 14.19 • F. After all, the nation state is an artificial, not a natural, construct and it may well be that despite its unavailability. • POWER • Power is one of the essentially contested concept in the study of international relations.

  22. Lecture 14.20 2. It has been described by one author as a Portmanteau concept 3. And accordingly it is difficult, if not, impossible to define with any imprecision. 4. Understood in two: • Power meaning capability/Possession • Meaning a relationship.

  23. Lecture 14.21 • A. Two meanings of Power • Control over resource-resources provide potential to wield influence on others. • Military capability –quantity and quality • Economic Strength • Other tangible resources:population,territory,geographical position,natural resources.

  24. Lecture 14.22 d) Government efficiency, political systems and leadership e) Intangible resources:Political ideology, national morale and national leadership. f) Information 2. Influence over outcomes: ability of one nation to make another do things that they would not otherwise do.

  25. Lecture 14.23 • Power is always relational – power over whom?Cannot determine whether a state has power xcept by comparison to another state. • Power is always situational-Power to do what?E.g. Brazil control over a rainforest. Brazil has the power to get the US to forgive debt because the US population values the rainforest.

  26. Lecture 14.24 • They did not have the power before even though the rainforest existed before. • B. Processes by which states convert power as resources into power as influence. • Persuasion and Diplomacy: Try to change what actors thinks is in its best interests • Positive rewards-Carrots • Punishments-Sticks.

  27. Lecture 14.25 • Unrealized Power 1. In most cases states are powerful in first instance are also powerful in the second sense. One study of wars showed 21 wars won by the country with large military force. “God is always on the side with the larger army”

  28. Lecture 14.26 • But powerful states (many resources) often fail to get their way against less powerful states. Why do less powerful states win in conflict with powerful states?Why do states sometimes fail to convert power as a resource into power as an influence?

  29. Lecture 14.27 Reasons • Weak states have friends: melos and sparta, Vietnam and China, Kuwait and US. • Loss of strength and gradient: Distance weakens strength on the battle ground.

  30. Lecture 14.28 c) Resolve; power, as an influence requires will to use power as resources. Large states have more resources, but willing to apply only small fraction. Small states may have more at stake, e.g preserving sovereignty. d) Non-fugibility and relevance of power resources : Who is influencing whom about what:Relational and situational

  31. Lecture 14.29 aspects of power again. Military power works to seize and hold territory, but not to create loyal workers and economic wealth.One type of power works to seize and hold territory, but not to create loyal workers and economic wealth.One type of power may not be relevant to desired goal. Japan’s economic power can influence

  32. Lecture 14.30 economy of US but not its legal and political systems ; needs military force for that. US nuclear weapons have not helped reduce trade deficits with Japan actual resources n. OPEC had power over US economy. e) Prestige and reputation: Perceived power may less be or more than actual resources controlled. China,Latin America,Iraq,Russia today.

  33. Lecture 14.31 f) Skill use: Sufficient resources to accomplish a task and applying them. D.Different approaches and explanations of international relations and causes of war. 1.Realist-seeking power, fear,capabilities rather than intentions 2. Liberal institutionalism-Obstacles to cooperation that can be overcome under certain conditions and with a whole lot of work, war is not inevitable.

  34. Lecture 14.32 3. Feminist-aggressive nature of man;lack of women in power, underlying values. 4.Constructivism-the power of ideas. E. Capability is a necessary condition for power relationships.Without such possession it is impossible for an actor to obtain a complaint behaviour and the aim of power relationship is to seek and secure compliance.

  35. Lecture 14.33 F. Compliant behaviour may consist of doing something different or it consists of continuing with a behaviour pattern that an actor really wishes to drop. G. In power relations, the expectation is always made that compliance will have to overcome resistance from target.

  36. Lecture 14.34 H. Power relations involve one actor or a group of actors in overcoming the resistance of another actor or group and securing compliance. I. Power relationships are confined to a situation of social opposition. Their distinguishing characteristics are that sanctions will be used to secure compliances

  37. Lecture 14.35 J. The sanction can be either positive or negative-thus it may offer rewards or it may threaten punishments. K. Because power relationships involve the use of sanctions to overcome resistance they can properly be seen as coercive.This way it is possible to distinguish power relationships from influence of relationships.

  38. Lecture 14.36 L. Influence is non coercive. Coercion can have unpredictable results on the actor being coerced. M. Rather than securing compliance sanctions can stiffen resistance and make the target actor determined to resist in face of threats and bribes.

  39. Lecture 14.37 N. Threats costs more if they fail while rewards cost more if they succeed. O. Rewards can be seen as punitive in certain circumstances. A state that has been receiving foreign aid can see a sudden suspension or reduction in aid quota as a punishment if the cessation is linked to demands for compliant behavior.

  40. Lecture 14.38 P. Power relations exist overtime and perceptions of the past can influence reactions in the present or anticipation for the future. Q. Power in itself thus its legitimate. People can pursue power as a goal or an end in itself.

  41. Lecture 14.39 R. Physical force represents illegitimate power S. Types Of Power 1. Physical force/Hard Power-ability of actor A to influence activities of B with the use of force so that B does what A demands.

  42. Lecture 14.40 2. Institutional/Structural power-refers to force of office/personality. • Explains who owns resources (World Bank/IMF director vs Professor) • Who is able to change the behavior of the people of Zimbabwe. • Some institutions by their very nature can influence the behavior of people-regionally/globally depending on influence they exert.s

  43. Lecture 14.41 3. Social power-exist in families,some have more than others 4.Technological power 5. Will Power 6.Soft power-ideas,culture,language,music,eating habits,dress.

  44. Lecture 14.42 T. Power is not to fixed all the time-it was one time Greece,Ottoman Empire, France, Britain, Germany, US, USSR…. U. A state can be powerful in one thing but not the other. V.Power is reflected in the UN: 1.Security Council is the body with social power-mandated. Actual power rests with p5

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