TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: Describe how geography influenced Rome’s development.

1. AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessin’s World History Room 167 Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50 Ch. 6:ROME – From Republic… …to Empire ! Section 1: The Republic Period • TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: • Describe how geography influenced Rome’s development. • Explain the main institutions of the Roman Republic. • Describe how the Punic Wars helped increase Roman power. • AGENDA:Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately ! • WARM-UP –Read, “History Makers: Hannibal” Textbook p. 144 • INTRODUCTION to new Unit and assignments • DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 141 / packet p. 3 • DAILY QUIZ • NEXT ASSIGNMENT: • Read Chapter 6, Section 2 and complete p. 10 in packet • MANDATORY TEXTBOOK CHECK TOMORROW !

2. Getting started…Let’s Understand Where We’re Going Ch. 6: ROME – From Republic… [509 – 44 B.C.] Republic– a type of government where power rests with the citizens who are allowed to vote for their leader, usually an elected President, not a monarch / king. …to Empire ! [43 B.C. – 476 A.D.] Empire– when several territories, regions, peoples are placed under a single, sovereign authority creating one major political territory. See Timeline in Textbook, p. 138-139 or on front of your CH 6 packet. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

3. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.139; Packet p. 15 BRITAIN GAUL Alps Mts. Tiber R. Black Sea • Rome Greece SPAIN Carthage . Mediterranean Sea Alexandria . EGYPT AFRICA

4. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.141; Packet p. 3 753 B.C. Rome is founded, according to legend 1. How did geography affect the development of Rome? It’s strategic location on the sea and fertile soil on the Tiber River. The legend of Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess, were raised by a she-wolf. Textbook, p. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

5. Textbook, p. 141 “Beginnings of Rome” Three Groups on the Italian peninsula: • Latins- farmers and shepherds who wandered • into Italy across the Alps and settled • in a region they called Latium. • Greeks- the Greeks settled about 50 colonies • on the coasts of southern Italy and • Sicily. The cities became • prosperous and commercially active. • They even taught the Romans how to • grow grapes and olives. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

6. Textbook, p. 141 “Beginnings of Rome” Three Groups on the Italian peninsula: • Etruscans - were native to northern Italy. • They were skilled metalworkers and engineers. • The Etruscans strongly influenced the development of Roman civilization. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

7. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.141; Packet p. 3 753 B.C. Rome is founded, according to legend 1. How did geography affect the development of Rome? It’s strategic location on the sea and fertile soil on the Tiber River. 2. How did the Etruscans influence the development of Rome? 600 B.C. An Etruscan becomes king of Rome. Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet, the arch in building, and religious ideas. Did Latin evolve from old Etruscan writing? Wanna learn some famous Latin quotes? Go Here: http://www.forumromanum.org/latin/quotations.html Left: Bronze tablets from 6 century B.C. showing Etruscan writing bear striking similarity to Latin letters PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

8. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.141; Packet p. 3 2. How did the Etruscans influence the development of Rome? 600 B.C. An Etruscan becomes king of Rome. Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet, the arch in building, and religious ideas. Invention of Concrete! A Keystone! And The Arch! Led the Romans to become Master Builders! Roman military legions crossing a bridge in Spain – one of many Roman bridges that still stand today in Europe. Legion– Roman military units. A Keystone is the “secret” to an Arch-way. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

9. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.141; Packet p. 3 2. How did the Etruscans influence the development of Rome? 600 B.C. An Etruscan becomes king of Rome. Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet, the arch in building, and religious ideas. Concrete! A Keystone! And The Arch! Led the Romans to become Master Builders! Right: A Roman Bath house. Left: The Pantheon -Temple to “all the gods” The Pantheon -Temple to“all the gods,” built by Emperor Hadrian in 118 A.D. It had the largest dome in the world until 1436. The Pantheon became a Christian Church in 609. Rome, Italy. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

10. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.141; Packet p. 3 Besides the Etruscans, the Romans also borrowed religious ideas from the Greeks.

11. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.142; Packet p. 3 753 B.C. Rome is founded, according to legend 1. How did geography affect the development of Rome? It’s strategic location on the sea and fertile soil on the Tiber River. 2. How did the Etruscans influence the development of Rome? 600 B.C. An Etruscan becomes king of Rome. Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet, the arch in building, and religious ideas. 3. Which were the main groups that competed for power in the early Roman republic? 509 B.C. Roman aristocrats overthrow monarchy and establish a republic. Patricians (the upper class) and thePlebians (ordinary people) Republic– a type of government where power rests with the citizens who are allowed to vote for their leader, usually an elected President, not a monarch / king. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

12. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.142; Packet p. 3 3. Which were the main groups that competed for power in the early Roman republic? 509 B.C. Roman aristocrats overthrow monarchy and establish a republic. Patricians (the upper class) and the Plebians (ordinary people) Patricians lived well in Rome, and usually had several slaves. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

13. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.142; Packet p. 3 600 B.C. An Etruscan becomes king of Rome. 2. How did the Etruscans influence the development of Rome? Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet, the arch in building, and religious ideas. 3. Which were the main groups that competed for power in the early Roman republic? 509 B.C. Roman aristocrats overthrow monarchy and establish a republic. Patricians (the upper class) and the Plebians (ordinary people) 4. What is the significance of the Twelve Tables in Roman law? 451 B.C. Officials begin writing the Twelve Tables Became basis for all future Roman laws and established the principle that all citizens had a right to protection under the law ! “Twelve Tables” -the earliest law code, drawn from religious and secular custom. It was published on tablets of bronze or wood and placed in the Roman forum – the marketplace, or main public center of any Roman town. In Rome, Italy today one can tour the ruins of the old Roman Forum. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

14. See pic in textbook, p. 142 See Models of Roman Forum, http://www.quiknet.com/~fifi/index50.html http://www.cvrlab.org/projects/real_time/roman_forum/roman_forum.html

15. The Roman Republic Packet, p. 3; Part B JUDICIAL tribunes – Judges chosen from and for the plebians, their offices were established to protect the plebeians from arbitrary actions of patrician senators. EXECUTIVE 2 consuls – two leaders! [hoping to prevent all-power residing in one single man] presided over the Senate, brought forward legislation (law proposals), served as generals in military campaigns, represented Rome in foreign affairs. LEGISLATIVE Senate – representative body of appointed men who were the law-makers and principle decision-makers. THE REPUBLIC of the United States of America JUDICIAL The Supreme Court, as well as state, and local justices. EXECUTIVE The President LEGISLATIVE the U.S. Congress (Senate and the House of Representatives) ________________________________ One of Rome’s many great legacies adopted later in the legal principles and government found in the United States today is shown here. What is it? See Chart Textbook p. 143 Dictator – in times of emergency / crisis, all power given to this one individual, and then, only for 6 months !

16. The Roman Senate in session. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

17. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p. ; Packet p. 3 BRITAIN GAUL Alps Mts. Tiber R. Black Sea • Rome Greece SPAIN Carthage . Mediterranean Sea Alexandria . EGYPT AFRICA

18. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p. ; Packet p. 3 390 B.C. – Gauls sack Rome. 5. How did Rome regain control of Italy after the sacking of the city by the Gauls? Rebuilt city, conquered all rivals, and began empire-building with a lenient policy toward people it conquered. More on the Roman legionaires… http://www.murphsplace.com/gladiator/legions.html PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

19. As Rome’s expansion begins… one Rival stands in her way… PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

20. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p. ; Packet p. 3 264 B.C. Rome and Carthage go to war, and Punic Wars begin. 6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars? Power struggle between Rome and Carthage for control of trade in the Mediterranean region. “Punic” was the Latin word for the “Phoenicians” / “purple” Alps Mts. • Rome SPAIN Carthage . Mediterranean Sea AFRICA

21. The First Punic War, 264-241 BC, grew immediately out of a quarrel between the cities of Messana (now Messina) and Syracuse both on the island of Sicily. One faction of the Messanians called on Carthage for help and another faction called on Rome. The Strait of Messana, which separates the Italian Peninsula from Sicily, was of extreme strategic importance, and both powers responded. The Punic army arrived in Sicily first, arranged a peace between Messana and Syracuse, and established a garrison. Upon its arrival, the Roman army ejected the Carthaginians from the garrison, and thus the war began. Roman legions occupied E. Sicily and took Palermo (254) but were effectively blocked farther west by the brilliant guerrilla warfare of Hamilcar Barca , and they failed to take Lilybaeum, the chief Punic base. The Romans equipped a new fleet that destroyed the Punic fleet in 241 B.C. off the Aegates (now Aegadian Isles), and Carthage sued for peace. In the First Punic War….. ROME WINS! Gets Sicily ! The terms were the payment of an indemnity and the cession of Punic Sicily to Rome. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

22. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p. ; Packet p. 3 264 B.C. Rome and Carthage go to war, and Punic Wars begin. 6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars? Power struggle between Rome and Carthage for control of trade in the Mediterranean region. 1st War: Rome gains Sicily 7. What tactic did Scipio use to defeat Hannibal? 218 B.C. Second Punic War begins. Who was Hannibal? Textbook p. 144 Alps Mts. • Rome SPAIN • Sicily Carthage . Mediterranean Sea AFRICA

23. The famous Carthaginian General HANNIBAL’S Crossing of the Alps

24. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p. ; Packet p. 3 264 B.C. Rome and Carthage go to war, and Punic Wars begin. 6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars? Power struggle between Rome and Carthage for control of trade in the Mediterranean region. 1st War: Rome gains Sicily • What tactic did Scipio use to defeat Hannibal? 218 B.C. Second Punic War begins. By attacking Carthage directly, he forced Hannibal to end his terrorizing of Italy, and return home to defend Carthage. 2nd War: Rome gains Spain Alps Mts. • Rome SPAIN • Sicily Carthage . Mediterranean Sea AFRICA

25. CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p. ; Packet p. 3 264 B.C. Rome and Carthage go to war, and Punic Wars begin. 6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars? Power struggle between Rome and Carthage for control of trade in the Mediterranean region. 1st War: Rome gains Sicily • What tactic did Scipio use to defeat Hannibal? 218 B.C. Second Punic War begins. 202 B.C. Romans defeat Hannibal’s army. By attacking Carthage directly, he forced Hannibal to end his terrorizing of Italy, and return home to defend Carthage. 2nd War: Rome gains Spain 149 B.C. Third Punic War begins. 8. What was the significance of the Punic Wars for Rome? 3rd War: Rome brutally ends Carthage. N. Africa becomes a Roman province. Rome’s expansion now gave it domination over all the Mediterranean Sea region. "Carthago delenda est!” (Carthage must be destroyed.) Cato the Elder, Roman Senator PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

27. AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessin’s World History Room 167 Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50 Ch. 6:ROME – From Republic… …to Empire ! Section 1: The Republic Period • TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: • Describe how geography influenced Rome’s development. • Explain the main institutions of the Roman Republic. • Describe how the Punic Wars helped increase Roman power. • AGENDA: • WARM-UP – Read, “History Makers: Hannibal” Textbook p. 144 • INTRODUCTION to new Unit and assignments • DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 141 / packet p. 3 • DAILY QUIZ • NEXT ASSIGNMENT: • Read Chapter 6, Section 2 and complete p. 10 in packet • MANDATORY TEXTBOOK CHECK TOMORROW !

28. Ch. 6:ROME Section 2: Roman Expansion - Empire - Brings Challenges AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessin’s World History Room 167 Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50 • TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: • Analyze the problems that were facing Rome during the time of its expansion. • Describe events leading to creation of the Roman Empire – including the role of Julius Caesar. • Describe the empire’s economy and government. • AGENDA:Please begin your Warm-up Immediately. • WARM-UP – Read, “History Makers: Julius Caesar” Textbook p. 147 • DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 146 / packet p. 6 • DAILY QUIZ • NEXT ASSIGNMENT: • Read Chapter 6, Section 2 and complete p. 10 in packet • Pre-A.P. - “Caesar”reading is due Tuesday !

29. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.146; Packet p. 6 ROME’S EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic Becomes and Empire

30. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p. ; Packet p. B.B ROME’S EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic Becomes and Empire I. Gap betweenRich and Poor A. 1/3 of Rome’s population were slaves following it’s conquests in the Punic Wars and other conflicts B. Small farmers lands were often devastated by the wars and they could not compete with the Rich landowners (Patricians) who had ample slave labor to work and produce large profitable crops each year on their Latifundia – huge estates. (The rich gained these huge land acquisitions when the Roman armies would “occupy” conquered lands.) C. Few jobs available for the land-less and unskilled workers in urban areas led to cities with high numbers of unemployed trouble-makers or, “urban discontent” Even returning soldiers had little to return to – no “veteran’s benefits” D. The wealthy Romans were corrupted by money and luxury and ignored the plight of the poor. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

31. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.146; Packet p. 6 ROME’S EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic Becomes and Empire II. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus Proud sons of one of Rome’s most noble families – Gaius – few men in Roman history had the unforeseen historical impact as the two brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. Caesar’s career is unthinkable without them; and the first Emperor, Caesar Augustus built upon what the Gracchi began. What did they do? Everything! Who did it effect? Everyone! What did it cost the two of them? Their lives. Their careers marked ”…the beginnings of the Roman Revolution; the introduction of murder into politics; and the breakdown of the very principles upon which the Republic was based.” [Oxford Classical Dictionary] “They were for giving citizenship to all Italians, extending it almost to the Alps, distributing the public domain, limiting the holdings of each citizen to five hundred acres, as had once been provided by law, establishing new customs duties, filling the provinces with new colonies, transferring the judicial powers from the senate to the equites, and began the practice of distributing grain to the people. They left nothing undisturbed, nothing untouched, nothing unmolested, nothing, in short, as it had been.” Velleius Paterculus History of Rome, II, vi. 3-6

32. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.146-7; Packet p. 6 ROME’S EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic Becomes and Empire II. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus A. Proposed Reforms (Changes): - limiting the size of the rich estates (latifundia) - redistributing lands to the poor - A Welfare system : distributing grain to the poor. B. Both were killed in moments of riot or political intrigue / assassination C. CIVIL WAR POLITICAL DYNASTIES In the United States and Rome The Gaius family of Rome is sometimes compared to the Kennedy’s of the United States – an aristocratic family with long ties to politics, with platforms that championed the rights of the poor and disenfranchised, and who, too, saw its share of tragedy – the assassinations of both John F. and Robert Kennedy. The outpouring of public sympathy for the Kennedy family was similar too for the Gaius family – and may explain the longevity of that “dynasty.” For it produced even more stars in the likes of Gaius Julius Caesar. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

33. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p. ; Packet p. B.B ROME’S EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic Becomes and Empire III. The Army situation: A. Rise of politically powerful military leaders - They recruited soldiers from among the land-less, discontented poor, promising them land. Consequently, B. These soldiers scattered throughout Rome’s expanding conquered territory were more loyal to their commander… than they were to the Republic government back in Rome the capital! PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

34. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.147; Packet p. 6 ROME’S EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic Becomes and Empire III. The Army situation: C. CIVIL WAR, 88 – 82 B.C. fought between Gaius Marius (defending the lower classes / poor / of all Italia) and Lucius Sulla (defending the Senate and the elite patrician class) " The long smoldering fires of an Italian war were now fanned into flame . . . all Italy took up arms against the Romans… the fortunes of the Italians was as cruel as their cause was just; for they were seeking citizenship in a State whose power they were being asked to defend by their arms…“ Velleius Paterculus, History , II, XV. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

35. “Sulla was a man to whom, up to the conclusion of his victory in the Civil War, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after his victory, no condemnation can be adequate.” (II, XVII). Once completely in charge of Rome, Sulla proceeded to butcher all his political opponents on a scale unmatched in Roman history. Plutarch describes the terror in which Sulla was held by the Rome government itself. The city was filled with murders and a young senator at one point asked Sulla when they could expect an end to the murders: "We are not asking you" he said "to pardon those whom you have decided to kill; all we ask is that you should free from suspense those whom you have decided not to kill." The next day Sulla posted lists of the condemned in the Roman Forum, of those to be killed and/or those who property would revert to the state. Informers were everywhere. Thousands perished. Informers were paid bounties for turning in the "disloyal"; instantly, untold numbers of innocent Romans were denounced and their property confiscated to the state and sold for a song to supporters of the current regime. A young Gaius Julius Caesar who had fought on the side of his uncle Gaius Marius barely escaped the list of names. In the next and succeeding generations, the inscrutable, remarkable, bloody man Sulla became the model of a Roman tyrant. When Caesar was commencing on his own struggle for absolute power in 49 B.C., Caesar quite specifically stated that he did not propose to emulate the notorious Sulla, settling instead on a policy of mercy and reconciliation. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

36. JULIUS CAESAR 100 - 44 B.C. “When could they ever say, that talk’d of Rome, that her wide walks encompass’d but one man?” The play, “Julius Caesar,” I, ii ~ William Shakespeare PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

37. "In the old days, every child born to a respectable mother was brought up not in the room of a bought nurse but at his mother's knee. It was her particular honor to care for the home and serve her children…and no one dared do or say anything improper in front of her. She supervised not only the boys' studies but also their recreation and games with piety and modesty. Thus, tradition has it, Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, Aurelia, mother of Julius Caesar, and Atia, mother of Augustus, brought up their sons and produced princes.“ Tacitus, Dialogue 28, quoted in "Women's Life in Greece and Rome," Lefkowitz, Fant, 191. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

38. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.147; Packet p. 7 IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate – a group of three rulers. B. He serves as consul with Pompey. C. Appoints himself governor of Gaul. "For himself he wanted a high command, an army, and a war in some field where his gifts could shine in all their brightness." Sallust, Conspiracy of Cataline, LIV. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

39. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.147; Packet p. 7 IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his campaign in Gaul… C. Appoints himself governor of Gaul. D. Keeps journal about conquest of Gaul Published, it makes him very popular with Roman people Caesar’s “Commentaries on the Gallic Wars” In spite of their many "civilized" aspects, to Caesar and the Romans of his time the Gauls remained barbarians. There are frequent references to the Gallic character scattered throughout Caesar's famous “Commentaries on the Gallic Wars.” He considered them impulsive, emotional, easily swayed, fickle, and prone to panic. Although it is obvious from his writings that Caesar viewed them with respect as worthy military adversaries, he coldly judged their struggle for freedom from Rome's sway as no more than unstable anger whipped up by agitators with ulterior personal motives. It apparently never occurred to Caesar that there were rational arguments against annexation by Rome. LEFT: "Vercingetorix Throws Down His Arms At the Feet of Caesar” L. Royer, 1888.

40. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p. 147; Packet p. 7 IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate – a group of three rulers. Meanwhile, back in Rome… E. Pompey rises to power in Rome and fears Caesar’s rising popularity 1. The Senate orders Caesar to disband his Legions and return home from Gaul While Julius Caesar waged war in Gaul attempting to subdue the many tribes, Pompey busied himself in Rome with the construction of the mammoth complex later known as Pompey's Theater on the Campus Martius- not only the first permanent theater ever built in Rome, but an eye-popping complex of lavish porticoes, shops, and multi-service buildings. Pompey was also busy with his new wife. At 53 he had married Julius Caesar’s on daughter, Julia (23). PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

41. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.147; Packet p. 7 IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate – a group of three rulers. B. Pompey (and Senate) fear Caesar’s rising popularity 1. Caesar is to disband his Legions and come home 2. “Crossing the Rubicon” with his army "Let the dice fly high!" he said (quoting a half-line of his favorite Greek poet, Menander), as he crossed the Rubicon…the great gamble could now begin; for he was starting a civil war and, according to the view occasionally expressed in his own works, 'Luck is the greatest power in all things and especially in war.' PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

42. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.147; Packet p. 7 IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate – a group of three rulers. B. Pompey (and Senate) fear Caesar’s rising popularity Pompey intended to fight Caesar in Asia, an area of the Roman world in which he had strong connections and many client-kings. Unfortunately, in the scramble to evacuate Rome, neither Pompey nor the Senators thought to take charge of Rome's treasury, stored under the Temple. Caesar arrives and impounds the treasury for his use. 1. Caesar is to disband his Legions and come home 2. “Crossing the Rubicon” with his army Pompey flees Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

43. " But do you see what sort of man this is into whose hands the state has fallen, how clever, alert, well prepared? I verily believe that if he takes no lives and touches no man's property those who dreaded him most will become his warmest admirers." Cicero ,Selected Letters, 67. The Roman orator Cicero and Caesar were great adversaries. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

44. THE BATTLE OF PHARSALUS,August 9, 48 BC A century after the Battle of Pharsalus, the poet Lucan considered it so pivotal to Roman history that he chose it for a poem-cycle of epic proportions, known as The Pharsalia. "The loser bears the burden of defeat; The victor wins, but conquest is a crime." The Pharsalia, Lucan, VII, 144-5. Its depiction of the war to the death between the “noble” Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey) and the evil Gaius Julius Caesar may be simplistic in historical terms but the poem is fascinating in showing that later Roman generations clearly regarded the Civil War defeat of Pompey's armies by Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus as a turning point in the death of the Roman Republic. Pompey PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

45. “When Pompey’s left wing crumbled, even then the legionaries retreated step by step still locked in battle, while the allies retreated headlong, making no resistance and shouting 'We've lost.'… Caesar then made a particularly shrewd move to avoid having to engage Pompey in yet another clash and to ensure that the result decided not an isolated battle, but the whole campaign. He sent heralds into the ranks all over the battlefield, who ordered the victors not to harm their fellow-countrymen, but attack only the allies… Caesar's men, sweeping through them, began to kill the allies, who were unable to resist, and the most tremendous carnage ensued.” Appian, The Civil War, II, 80 PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

46. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p. 147; Packet p. 7 IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate – a group of three rulers. B. Pompey (and Senate) fear Caesar’s rising popularity 1. Caesar is to disband his Legions and come home 2. “Crossing the Rubicon” with his army Pompey flees Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt 46 B.C. Caesar returns to Rome and is appointed dictator. Bronze statue of Caesar today in the Roman forum. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

47. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.147; Packet p. 7 Cleopatra in Egypt becomes his Ally After he supports her side in a feud with her young brother Ptolemy for the throne. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

48. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.147; Packet p. 7 • IV. JULIUS CAESAR • In 44 B.C. is named dictator for life. • His REFORMS: • - grants broader citizenship to even conquered peoples • - expands the size of the Senate to 300 men • - helped the poor with jobs, creating government work programs and building projects • - the dole (welfare) • - started colonies • - increased pay for the legions • - the Julian calendar PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

49. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p. ; Packet p. B.B February, 44 B.C. The young Mark Antony – a distant relation of Caesar’s and a star general in his own right – is said to have offered Caesar a make-shift “crown” one day in the Senate. Caesar refused it, but doubts remained that he had personally arranged for the public offer simply to feel out the reaction the crowd. Other historians think he staged the incident simply to destroy the rumors that he desired kingship. As Napoleon noted succinctly, "If Caesar wanted to be king, he would have got his army to acclaim him as such." Still, doubts in Rome lingered. Mark Antony PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

50. CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p. ; Packet p. B.B March 44 B.C. - Two tribunes were seen pulling down crowns that had been placed on Caesar’s statues around the city. They were dismissed from office. By dismissing them, Caesar attacked the protected position of Tribune of the plebs, the very point for which he claimed he fought in beginning the Civil War. ASSASSINATION PLOT: Marcus Brutus was felt out to remove the tyrant; Cassius joined; the conspirators grew, including Caesar’s most trusted subordinate and friend, Decimus Brutus.Brutus. Marcus Brutus stated that he “loved Julius Caesar, but I loved Rome more.” PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.