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Developing your arguments

29. Developing your arguments. Reasoning (logos). Claim – an assertion about a fact, value , or policy- the conclusion you want your audience to accept. Evidence – material to support or back up your claim Sufficient True or probable Relevant Arranged logically.

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Developing your arguments

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  1. 29 Developing your arguments

  2. Reasoning (logos) • Claim – an assertion about a fact, value , or policy- the conclusion you want your audience to accept. • Evidence – material to support or back up your claim • Sufficient • True or probable • Relevant • Arranged logically

  3. Reasoning According to Patterns • Inductive Reasoning – specific instances to general conclusions • Use sufficient amount of evidence • True and accurate evidence • Evidence relevant to the claim • Shorten the leap between evidence and claim • Be careful making absolute claim • EVIDENCE: Your lover buys you flowers and rubs your neck when it is stiff. They often hug and smooch you. They comfort you after a tough day of Comm. 1100. • CLAIM: Your lover likes you very much.

  4. Patterns of Reasoning cont… • Deductive Reasoning- general principle to specific instance • Establish validity of major and minor premises • Establish logical like between premises • Be careful not to insist on absolute conclusions • Syllogism – If a=b and b=c then a=c • Enthymeme – a syllogism that claims probabilities and likelihoods, not absolutes.

  5. Patterns of Reasoning cont… • Causal Reasoning – connect two events according to a cause-and-effect relationship • Make sure event is true, accurate, and well supported • Spend time linking the know and unknown events • Make sure cause and effect have a close chronological relationship • Make sure you are not missing multiple causes or effects • Make sure claimed cause or effect is likely or most likely • Marijuana causes people to try other, more dangerous, drugs.

  6. Patterns of Reasoning cont… • Analogical Resoning – similar “things”- presume an unknown quality of one is true because of other know • Establish accuracy of know quality • Show how the two factors are effectively alike • Research differences too • Germany has a lower drinking age than the US. The US is like Germany, thus the US should lower the drinking age.

  7. Reasoning Fallacies • Appeal to fear • Believe me or beware • Slippery Slope • Event A will no doubt lead to event Z • Ad Hominem • Attacking the person instead of the problem • Either/or • Forcing a choice between two options when more exist • Red Herring • Raise an irrelevant point to diver attention from issue • Bandwagon • Everyone’s doing it, so you should too.

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