Warm up

1. Warm up • Identify the subject and predicate, prepositions, adverbs and adjectives. • “While the bubbles were yet sparkling on the brim, the doctor's four guests snatched their glasses from the table, and swallowed the contents at a single gulp” (Hawthorne 102). • Write your own sentence, mimicking the pattern of the above sentence.

2. Embedded quotes Incorporating quoted material into literary analysis

3. Why should I use quotes? • To support my argument. • To demonstrate my familiarity with the text. • To avoid getting kicked out of school for plagiarism!

4. Embedded vs dropped-in • An embedded quote flows naturally into your own writing. When reading a well-embedded quote, it should sound like part of your own sentence. • A dropped-in quote does not flow with the rest of the sentence. It sounds jarring and disrupts the sentence and paragraph.

5. Example #1 • Beneatha is a character who believes in freedom of expression. She said this quote: “People have to express themselves one way or another” (Hansberry 48). • Beneatha is a character who believes that “people need to express themselves one way or another” (Hansberry 48).

6. Example #2 • Holden gets frustrated and decides to leave. “People are always ruining things for you” (Salinger 88). • Holden gets frustrated and decides to leave, claiming that “people are always ruining things” (Salinger 88). • Holden gets frustrated and decides to leave. He claims that “people are always ruining things” (Salinger 88).

7. Mechanics • Capitalization • Leaving words out • Adding words in • Punctuation • Where to put the period.

8. capitalization • The quote is part of your sentence. Do not capitalize any word unless it would ordinarily be capitalized. • Example: Holden gets frustrated and decides to leave, claiming that “people are always ruining things” (Salinger 88). • Do not capitalize “people” even though in the original text it is the first word of the sentence.

9. Omitting words • When it is necessary to leave out a few words from the original text, use an ellipses (…) indicating where the words were skipped. • He claims that “people are … ruining things” (Salinger 88). • NOTE: it is important you do not change the meaning of the original quote by omitting or adding words

10. Changing words • Sometimes a word needs to be changed in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct. • Use brackets to enclose added words: • She is just about to apologize when she realizes that this nun is not “Mama or Papa [who she] could argue things with” (Alvarez 15). • (The original text is written in first person.)

11. Using quotes in a paragraph • Lead your reader into the quote. • Use the quoted material. • Explain how the quote relates to the main point of your paragraph. • Hmm. Sounds like the PEE chain; claim, data, warrant; and claim, evidence, reason, doesn’t it?

12. Example • Lead the reader: From early childhood to adulthood, people are conditioned to hate books and nature. Toddlers are offered books and flowers by their nurses. While the children play with their new toys, a nurse presses the lever, and shocks them to terror. • The quote: By doing this, the Director says, “they’ll grow up with what the psychologist used to call an ‘instinctive’ hatred of books and flowers” (Huxley 22). • Explanation: As a result, people in this society no longer see the beauty of literature or nature.

13. Where to put the period • The closing punctuation always goes at the very end of the sentence, i.e. after the parenthetical citation. • Beneatha is a character who believes that “people need to express themselves one way or another” (Hansberry 48).

14. Cite your sources! • Avoid plagiarism! At the end of the sentence, include a parenthetical citation. • In most cases (at college), the author’s name and page number is required (Author 348). • In some cases (frequently here in class), only a page number is needed (348). • In Shakespeare’s plays, you need Act.scene.line (IV.3.14-17).

15. Our class essays • Do not require a works cited page if you are only using quotes from a single source – the novel or play itself • Use parentheticals • Generally just the page number will be needed • Your college essay should also only require parenthetical citations

16. Works Cited page • The parenthetical citations co-ordinate with the works cited page included at the end of your paper. • Helpful websites for proper formatting: • http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/

17. Basic format Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.