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GAC Measures in Sector Operations – Experience in South Asia Region

This presentation by Tahseen Sayed explores the experience of GAC measures in sector operations in the South Asia region, focusing on the challenges and potential solutions. It examines the need for system-wide reforms and the possibility of implementing sector-specific reforms. Case studies from Bangladesh and Pakistan highlight innovative approaches such as community-driven development and result-based programs in the education sector. The presentation also discusses the importance of data-driven decision making and the potential for scaling up successful initiatives.

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GAC Measures in Sector Operations – Experience in South Asia Region

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  1. GAC Measures in Sector Operations – Experience in South Asia Region Presentation By Tahseen Sayed, Operations Adviser, Bangladesh

  2. South Asian context • Post-independence well organized bureaucracy: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan Over the decades: • Increasingly weak governance • Increasingly poor performance and weakening of public institutions • Rising corruption • Rising politicization of public sector • Increased citizen dissatisfaction leading to rising NGO and private sector

  3. Political variations in region Political systems are mixed ranging from: • Federal and unitary structures • Stable democracy • Periods of military rule • Quasi democratic Several countries undergoing period of political instability impacting on reforms

  4. Are system-wide reforms necessary or can GAC be ring fenced? • Can sub-national governments adopt reforms changing the service structures in the absence of larger national reforms? • Can a sector operate in isolation of other sectors? Can sector-specific reforms be instituted? • Can GAC measures succeed in a sector without systemic reforms?

  5. Bangladesh and Pakistan experience Local Governance Community Driven Development Sector Governance

  6. Bangladesh experience: Local Governance Project Bangladesh • Expanding direct and discretionary resources to the Union Councils, the lowest tire of local government. The project now covers the entire country. • Each year after undergoing external audit process, the Union Councils with clean audit findings receive expanded block grants directly. • The Councils have greater discretion in deciding their spending priorities and held accountable for service delivery. • The Councils plan, finance and manage priority schemes and adopt ‘open budget’ meetings.

  7. Ring fenced CDD approach – can it be scaled up? • Mobilized village level groups and build participatory mechanisms for community control, and consensus building • Provided access to resources to finance sub-projects • The Bangladesh CDD project has participatory M&E where village levels groups monitor their own performance • DFGG measures – third party monitoring

  8. Result based program in Pakistan Education Sector • Broad Systemic Reforms: Fiscal/Fiduciary • New teacher recruitment policies • using criteria for new infrastructure • school management committees • Anchored in cross sector reforms: fiscal, fiduciary and decentralization • Data, MIS and Implementation Systems • Use of data for decision making, needs identification • Periodic third party validation • Performance and need based conditional grants

  9. GAC Challenge in Education • Key management issues: i) distant from point of service delivery; ii) quality and capacity of managers • Major structural reforms in education management tier have not happened though some efforts made through decentralization • Teacher issues: recruitment procedures; re-certification system; accountability; and absenteeism (25% India; 17% Bangladesh; 18% Sri Lanka and Pakistan) • Who hires teachers: central, state, local governments; school committees • Bangladesh: Management of secondary schools by NGOs/private (only 4% are public); 90% of teachers’ salaries provided to SMCs

  10. How ambitious can we be? • Fundamental public administration reforms/civil service reforms require change across government • But headway can be made within a sector • Key to measure results and evaluate impact

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