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Geologic Time Scale

Geologic Time Scale. Scientific Method. Raise question Gather data. Scientific Method. Raise question Gather data Form hypothesis Test and modify hypothesis. Peer-Reviewed Journals. Science “Magazines”. Scientific Method. Scientific Theory Scientific Law.

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Geologic Time Scale

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  1. GeologicTimeScale

  2. Scientific Method • Raise question • Gather data

  3. Scientific Method • Raise question • Gather data • Form hypothesis • Test and modify hypothesis

  4. Peer-Reviewed Journals

  5. Science “Magazines”

  6. Scientific Method • Scientific Theory • Scientific Law “Le château des Pyrénées” (Castle in the Pyrenees) (1961)

  7. “Stuff” of the Universe The Raw Materials for Planets, Rocks and Life

  8. Matter & Energy

  9. Phases of Matter Determined by temperature and pressure Gas Solid Liquid

  10. Rock

  11. Atoms (Elements) Atomic Particles Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Rocks Living Things Earth Biosphere

  12. Atomic StructureWhat are atoms made of?

  13. Atomic Structure

  14. Atomic Number=Number of Protons Importance of Protons

  15. Elements Carbon Iron Gold

  16. Periodic Table of the Elements

  17. The most abundant element in the universe: Hydrogen Large Magellanic Cloud

  18. Abundance of the Elements (wt. %):Solid Earth • CrustWhole Earth • Oxygen(O) 46.3 % 29.5% • Silicon (Si) 28.2% 15.2% • Aluminum (Al) 8.2% 1.1% • Iron (Fe) 5.6% 34.6% • Calcium (Ca) 4.1% 1.1% • Sodium (Na) 2.4% 0.6% • Potassium (K) 2.1% 0.1% • Magnesium (Mg) 2.3% 12.7% • All others 0.5% 5.1%

  19. Abundance of the Elements (wt.%):Living Things • HumanAlfalfa Bacteria • Oxygen(O) 62.8% 77.9% 73.7% • Carbon (C) 19.4% 11.3% 12.1% • Hydrogen (H) 9.3% 8.7% 9.9% • Nitrogen (N) 5.1% 0.8% 3.0% • Phosphorous (P) 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% • Sulfur (S) 0.6% 0.1% 0.3%

  20. AtomicWeight= number of protons + neutrons Importance of Neutrons

  21. Quiz - Lithium 3 7 Atomic Number = Atomic Weight =

  22. Isotopes

  23. Atoms vs. Ions Importance of Electrons (atomic weight = 23) X Charge = 0

  24. Positive Ions Importance of Electrons 10e Sodium Ion (atomic weight = 23) Charge = +1

  25. Ions Importance of Electrons 9e Chlorine (atomic number = 9) (atomic weight = 18) 9p 9n Charge = 0

  26. Negative Ions Importance of Electrons 10e Chlorine Ion (atomic number = 9) (atomic weight = 18) 9p 9n Charge = -1

  27. Atoms (Elements) Atomic Particles Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Rocks Living Things Earth Biosphere

  28. Importance of Electrons Determine how atoms bond to formCompounds

  29. Organic Compounds Carbon is found in all organic compounds

  30. Minerals - Inorganic Compounds

  31. Minerals andCrystalline Structure

  32. Graphite

  33. Atoms (Elements) Atomic Particles Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Rocks Living Things Earth Biosphere

  34. Energy Sun - Tuesday, April 4, 2006 • Types • Kinetic • Mechanical • Electromagnetic • Electricity • Heat • Potential • Chemical

  35. Electromagnetic Spectrum

  36. Energy:Quality Low Quality High Quality (disorganized concentrated)

  37. Rules of the Universe • Conservation of Matter • 1st Law of Thermodynamics(Conservation of Energy) • 2nd Law of Thermodynamics(Degradation of Energy) • “You can’t thrown anything away” • “You can’t get something for nothing” • “In fact, you can’t even break even”

  38. Earth: Open or Closed System?

  39. Earth:Matter does not come and go So… matter is constantly recycled on Earth Earth is a Closed System to Matter

  40. Biogeochemical Cycles:Reservoirs & Pathways Atmosphere Biosphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere

  41. Some Major Cycles of Matter • Water Cycle • Rock Cycle • Chemical Cycles • Carbon • Nitrogen • Phosphorous • Sulfur

  42. Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Biosphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere

  43. Carbon Cycle: Reservoirs Atmosphere 1x (= 7.3x1017 grams carbon) Biosphere 3x 55x 35,000x Lithosphere Hydrosphere

  44. Respiration& Decay Photosynthesis Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Biosphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere

  45. Carbon Transfer:Biosphere Atmosphere Photosynthesis(Atmosphere to Biosphere) Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight --> Sugar + Oxygen Respiration(Biosphere to Atmosphere) Sugar + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

  46. Respiration& Decay Photosynthesis Dissolution Weathering & Volcanism Exsolution Burial & Lithification Photosynthesis Burial & Lithification Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Biosphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere

  47. Deforestation: Decrease Photosynthesis Increase Respiration Burning fossil fuels: Increased combustion Human Impacts Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Biosphere Net Effect: Increase in Carbon in Atmosphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere

  48. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide northern winter northern summer

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