Ecology

1. Ecology Big Ideas

2. Energy • Energy flows through every ecological system • Inputs = what goes into the ecosystem • Outputs = what goes out of the system

3. Food Webs • Increased biodiversity means a healthier ecosystem

4. Energy Transfer between Trophic Levels • 10% Energy Transfer • Producers make up largest biomass

5. Bioaccumulations • Toxins cannot be removed and increase in amount between trophic levels

6. Carbon Cycle • Cyclescarbon through the ecosystem • Contains photosynthesis and cellular respiration • Opposite chemical reactions

7. Nitrogen Cycle • Cycles nitrogen through the system • Bacteria takes nitrogen from the atmosphere and transfers it to plants

8. Population Growth • Populations will grow exponentially if there are no limitingfactors

9. Population Growth • Populations will reach carryingcapacity because of limiting factors which include: • Abiotic (non-living) • Space & Water • Biotic (living) • Food & Predators

10. Population Density • Population Densityis the number of living things in an area • Example: • 500 moose in 10 sq. miles = 50 moose per mile

11. General Ecology • Non-native species usually DIE in a new environment, some survive and take over if they have no predators

12. Sustainability • Maintaining resources for future use • Choices we can make now that support sustainability • Substituting renewable (?) for non-renewable (?) resources • Recycling • Using fewer resources

13. Macromolecules • Carbohydrates: made of simple sugar units glucose, galactose, fructose • Lipids: fats, etc. • Triglycerides made of glycerol & 3 fatty acid tails • Phospholipids made of phosphate head & 2 fatty acid tails

14. Macromolecules • Proteins: made of amino acids • Nucleic Acids – DNA & RNA: made of nucleotides

15. Cell Structure & Function Big Ideas

16. Main Cell Types • Prokaryotes – no nucleus, nucleoid region of DNA; bacteria • Eukaryotes – DNA contained in nucleus, membrane bound organelles; everything except bacteria

17. Key Cell Components/Organelles • Nucleus – DNA • Ribosomes – Site of Protein Synthesis • Endoplasmic Reticulum – assembly of lipids & finishing work on proteins, etc. • Golgi Apparatus – modifies, sorts and packages proteins, etc. from ER for storage or release to outside of cell. • Mitochondria – breakdown of glucose into ATP • Chloroplasts – convert sun energy into sugars • Vacuoles & Vesicles – storage/movement of water, etc. • Lysosomes – bread down of macromolecules and old organelles.

18. Cell Boundaries & Movement of Materials Across Them • Cell wall – rigid structure outside cell membrane for support, protection; found in bacteria, fungi, plants • Cell membrane – flexible barrier between inside and outside of the cell • Composed of phospholipidbilayer, proteins • Selectively permeable – allows some things in/out, but not others.

19. Cell Transport • Passive Transport – no cellular energy used • Diffusion – movement of materials from high to low concentration • Facilitated diffusion – diffusion of molecules through protein channels (not directly through membrane) • Osmosis – movement of water from high to low concentration across a membrane (facilitated) • Active Transport - requires cellular energy • Movement of materials across the membrane from low to high concentration

20. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Big Ideas

21. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite chemical reactions

22. Photosynthesis: plants take carbondioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) and make glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) • Plants make their own food!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

23. Cellular Respiration: plants AND animals make energy (ATP) by transforming glucose (C6H12O6)and oxygen (O2) into carbondioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) • CHEMICAL Energy in glucose is transformed into the energy to live (ATP) • Very similar to setting something on fire (combustion), which releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere

24. Be able to trace the path of a carbon atom from air through photosynthesis, cellular respiration and back to the air

25. Mitosis and Meiosis Big Ideas

26. Mitosis & Meiosis • Division of Chromosomes in a cell • Chromosomes are made of DNA • DNA is replicated (copied) before each process • Each chromosome contains many sections of DNA called genes which contain the code for a protein

27. Mitosis • Mitosis: produces twoIDENTICAL cells from one cell for growth and repair of body cells • 2N cells produce 2N cells

28. Meiosis • Meiosis: produces four UNIQUE sex cells for reproduction • Each cell is 1N – ½ the chromosomes of the body cells • Females: Eggs • Males: Sperm • Allows for differences (variation) in populations • Fertilization restores the 2N number in offspring

29. Mitosis and Meiosis

30. DNA and Genetics Big Ideas

31. DNA & Genetics DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; is a code for your physical (phenotype) traits - PHYSICAL TRAIT

32. Traits • Proteins: can be used to make bodystructures, hormones and enzymes • Enzymes act to speedup (catalyze) chemical reactions in the body • Ex. Digestion of food, making DNA, and regulating glucose

33. GeneticsVocabulary • Phenotype: What your physically look like • Ex. Blue Eyes OR Brown Eyes • Genotype: What your genesare • Ex. Bb, bb, or BB

34. Vocabulary • Dominant:Trait/gene that is shown • Ex. BB = Brown EyesBb = Brown Eyes • Recessive: Trait/gene that is hidden by a dominant gene • Ex. bb = Blue Eyes Bb = Brown Eyes

35. Vocabulary • Heterozygous: different genes • Ex. Bb for Brown Eyes • Homozygous: same genes • Ex. bb for Blue Eyes

36. PunnettSquare: used to predict offspring • Ex. Two heterozygous bunnies are crossed; black fur is the dominant trait • Phenotype ratio • Ex. 25% white bunnies, 75% black bunnies • Genotype ratio • Ex. 25% bb, 50% Bb, 25% BB F f F FF Ff f Ff ff

37. A detached earlobe man (EE) has children with an attached earlobe woman (ee). What are the possible genotypes (gene combination)? What are the possible phenotypes (physical trait)? Earlobes (E)

38. A heterozygous tongue roller (Tt) mates with a non-tongue roller (tt), what percentage of their children will be tongue rollers?

39. What is the percent chance two heterozygous tongue roller will have a non-tongue roller offspring?

40. Dihybrid crosses – chance of inheriting 2 traits togetherCross 2 heterozygous for color and height (Green & Tall are dom; Yellow & Short are rec.) TG tGTgtg TG tG Tg tg Red = tall Black= short

41. Protein Synthesis • Transcription • The code in DNA is copied into mRNA • This nucleotide sequence determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein. • mRNA leaves the nucleus and forms a “protein factory” complex with rRNA called a ribosome. • Translation • The nucleotide sequence in mRNA is read 3 nucleotides at a time – a codon. • Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid. • tRNA brings the needed amino acid to the ribosome. • The amino acids are bonded together to form a protein.

42. Transcription Translation

43. Evolution Big Ideas

44. Evolution • Evolution: change over time All living things are related to a COMMON ANCESTOR!!!

45. Evidence of Evolution • Evidence: • Presence of Fossils found in rock layers • Homologous and Vestigial Structures • Homologous: Similar Structures • Vestigial: Unused structures; whale pelvis, human wisdom teeth

46. Fossil Record Homologous Structures

47. Evidence of Evolution • DNA Comparisons • Humans and mice are 99% similar in DNA, so they are closely related • Embryos • Closely related organisms have similar embryos

48. DNA Comparisons Embryos

49. Natural Selection • Natural Selection: “survival of the fittest, failure of the worst” • Over reproduction sets up a struggle for existence • Natural selection selects for variations in the population (result of mutation & sexual reproduction( that are adaptive • The “goal” of life is to survive and reproduce (pass adaptive genes to next generation)

50. Mutations in DNA: can (not always) lead to unique traits, which may help or hinder survival!!