Applied Linguistics Listening Instructor: Dr.Seedy Rezaei By: Ashraf Aldaghi Spring 93

2. Applied Linguistics Listening Instructor: Dr.SeedyRezaei By: AshrafAldaghi Spring 93

3. 1. listening What is listening? It involves making sense of spoken language , normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input , with the help of our relevant prior knowledge and the context which we are listening .

4. 2. Models of listening 1- communication theory model 2- information processing model 3- social – contextual model All these models refer to our understanding of how people manage to make sense of what they hear .

5. 3- communication theory model This model deals with various concept like information source, transmitter, noise, channel, massage, receiver, information destination, encode and decode.

6. Channel Information source Transmitter Reception Destination Sender Encoder Decoder Receiver noise Feedback Shannon – weavers model of communication

7. 4- information processing model This model uses a computer models to describe human learning . Information comes in , it gets processed , and then it gets stored and retrieved . This entails integrating information from multiple sources simultaneously , and working "bottom up" and "top – down" .

8. 5- social - contextual model This model in contrast with two before models , we are seen as participants in and creators of meaning , context is assigned a primary role by writers adopting the social – constructive view of language .

9. 6- processes of listening 1- Bottom–up processinginvolves the combination or piecing together the parts of what is being heard , one by one , in sequence . at this phase listener has to discriminate between similar sounds in order to facilitate top – down processing .

10. 2- Top – down processing is the opposite of bottom – up , going from whole to part , focuses on interpretation of meaning and relies on prior knowledge and experience that we have in our memory.

11. 7- Types of listening 1-One – way listening or transaction listening is used in academic setting such as lectures and school lessons and it needs to do sth with what has been heard , such as take notes on the content , watching film or television or listening to the radio. 2- two – way listening involves listening and speaking such as dialogue or discussion .

12. 8- listening strategies Listening strategies are techniques or activities that contribute directly to the comprehension and recall of listening input . These strategies are divided into Skillful listeners use these strategies in combination varying their use according to the needs of the specific situation . meta-cognitive cognitive Social-affective

13. 9- How do we gain insights into listening? 1-experiments 2-pedagogis tasks 3- test performance 4- ethnographic research 5- methods 6- observation 7- introspection 8- retrospection

14. 10– Authenticity of text and task 1-authenticity of text although most classroom practitioners would agree that authenticity is desirable , some have gone too far in their demand for authenticity . listening teachers need to bring learners to point where they can understand .

15. interpret and respond to l2 listening input in the way that the original speaker intended . however , we should not be over – concerned with finding real texts , realistic texts will do just as will , provided they are used in a way that help learners to respond to them appropriately .

16. 2- authenticity of task one example is the information gap task which cannot be completed unless the learners share the relevant different bits of information in their possession .

17. 11- Introspection and retrospection Introspection it is known as the think – aloud protocol. Listeners at different levels of l2 proficiency adop different processing strategies so, weaker listeners tended to focus on a key word produce an initial

18. mental model and stick to it, without searching for conforming clues, the more proficient listeners also identify the key word but continued activity to search for further clues in the rest of the massage .

19. 12- Retrospection is used for investigation of the relationship between linguistic processing and listeners use of background knowledge. The listener is asked the experience of comprehending some time later, prompted by memory support such as reviewing a recording of the original conversation.

20. 13- difficulty factors in listening 1-in put characteristics *language : 1- speech rate 2- unfamiliar accent 3- number of speakers 4- similarity of voice 5- use of lees frequent vocabulary .

21. Emplicitness : 1- implicit ideas 2- lack of redundancy *Organization : 1- events narrated out of natural time order 2- examples preceding the point they illustrate .

22. * Content : 1- unfamiliar topics 2- abstract content 3- unclear indication of the relative importance of protagonists in the text * context : lack of visual or other support

23. 14- Task characteristics Tasks tend to be more difficult when they require : 1- Processing of more details 2- Integration of information from different parts of the text 3- Separation of fact from opinion 4- A delayed response , rather than an immediate one

24. 15- skill training Some of the features that need to be practiced are : Discriminating between similar sounds Coping with and processing "fast speech" Processing stress and intonational differences Processing the meaning of different discourse markers Understanding communicative functions and the non – one – to – one equivalence between form and function

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