1 / 130

Language: an overview

Language: an overview. Meichun Liu Chinese II and III. Some basic questions:. What is involved in language? What is involved in language learning? What is English? Characters of English What is Chinese? Characters of Chinese How are they different?. What is Language?. Communication.

lori
Télécharger la présentation

Language: an overview

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Language: an overview Meichun Liu Chinese II and III

  2. Some basic questions: • What is involved in language? • What is involved in language learning? • What is English? • Characters of English • What is Chinese? • Characters of Chinese • How are they different?

  3. What is Language? Communication Language: the mapping between Form and Function English Form 1 Form 2 Form 3 . . Chinese Form 1 Form 2 Form 3 . . Function 1 Function 2 Function 3   3

  4. Form - Function Functions Chinese 有 yǒu . . English There’s/re have . . existence ownership    Cognitive transfer: co-existence > ownership 4

  5. Functions • Communicative function: • Things you want to express • Mostly shared by all languages • Things in the world/of the body • Events/states • relations • Culturally-specific concepts • 不好意思

  6. Forms? • Words and word classes • Content words: n, v, adj, adv • Function words: conj, prep, inflections • Word order: • SVO or SOV? • Time and Space first or Time and Space last? • Tense/aspect: • I go/went • I have done it./ I am doing it. • Question/negation: • Do you like it? I don’t like it.

  7. Forms • Nouns • Mass or count • Singular/plural • English: a book/3 pens/a chair • Chinese: ONE-Classifier N • Articles: a vs. the • a book vs. the book • Adj: • a beautiful flower vs. une fleur bonne

  8. Consistent characters English: Main point FIRST • Address writing: 200 Middlefield Rd., Palo Alto, CA 94306 • S:There’s a party at Stanford yesterday. • NP: The book [on the table] This is the book [I bought yesterday]. • VP: Do it carefully • Comparative:John is taller than Bill. • Question: (Q-first)Do you like it? • Negation: I don’t like it.

  9. Consistent characters Chinese: Main point LAST • Address writing: State, City, Street, number 台湾省 台北市 新生路 200号 • S:[Yesterday at Stanford] there’s a party • NP: [ZAI table on DE] book • This is [yesterday I bought DE] book。 • VP: [Carefully DE] do it! • Comparative: John [than Bill] taller • Question: You like it Q? • Negation: I NEG like it.

  10. What is language learning? • A PE class! • Requires: • Understanding what’s going on • strategies of reaching the goal • Memorizing by repetition • Daily and repetitive practices • Real games in the fields

  11. What is English? • Sentence-based: overt marking of SVO • Rigid main vs. subordinate structure: • ONE main subj, ONE main V, ONE main clause • Tense/aspect marked on the V • Inflections: • Plural s, 3rd-p s, ed, er, est, ing, to V • Head-initial = Main point FIRST • The cat on the corner • a friend of mine • Run carefully!

  12. What is Chinese? -1 • Discourse-based English A: Do you like Chinese? B: Yes, I like it. Chinese A: 你喜欢中文吗？ B: _喜欢_! -> Whatever is understood in the discourse may be omitted.

  13. What is Chinese? -2 • Topic-centered: • Topic > Clause 1, Clause 2, Clause 3 …. That tree, [leaves are green], [branches are long], [trunks are wide], and [looks like a giant].

  14. What is Chinese? -3 • Clause-chaining: 因為下雨了，所以我沒去開會。 *Because it rained, so I didn’t go to the meeting.

  15. What is Chinese? -4 • Word order: • English: Foreground-Background [We ate dinner] at 6 pm last night. • Chinese: Background –Foreground Last night 6 pm [we eat dinner]. zuótiān wănshàng liù diăn [wǒ mén chī wăn fàn].

  16. What is Chinese? -6 • No inflections: 去 qù I go to the class. 我去 上课 He goes to the class. 他去上课 They go to the class.　　 他们去上课 They went to the class. 他们 [time]去上课 or 他们 去上课 [了] • He likes to play guitar. he like play guitar Tā xǐhuān tán jítā 他 喜欢　 弹　 吉他 completion

  17. No inflection/No transformation • I am calledLiu Meichun. • I call Liu Meichun. • 我 叫 刘美君。 wǒ jiào liú měijūn • You are Chinese? -No Q-transformation • You are Chinese Q • 你是中国人吗 nǐ shì zhōng guó rén mā

  18. Lesson 6 • Teacher Liu is there Q? • 刘老师在（那）吗？ • Liú lăoshī zài（nà）mā？ • You are who? • 你是谁？ • 您是哪位？ nín shì na wéi？ • You have things Q? Time • 你 有 事 吗？ • Nǐ yǒu shì mā？

  19. Review Practice- Lesson 1 A： 你好，我叫 ＿＿＿＿ (name)。 nǐhăo，wǒ jiào＿＿＿＿ 我是美国人。你叫什麽名字？ wǒ shì měiguó rén。Nǐ jiào shémo míngzì？ B： 我叫 ＿＿＿＿。我也是美国人。 wǒ jiào ＿＿＿。wǒ yě shì měiguó rén 我住在加州。 wǒ zhù zài jiāzhōu A： 你姓 ＿＿，我有一个朋友也姓 ＿＿。 nǐ xìng ＿＿，wǒ yǒu yíge péngyǒu yě xìng＿＿ B： 你的朋友也是学生吗？ nǐde péngyǒu yě shì xuéshēng mā？ A： 不是，他是老师。 bú shì，tā shì lăo shī。

  20. The Chinese formal patterns 來這裡的路上，看到一隻小鳥，羽毛是藍色的，很漂亮。但是一走近，就飛了！ subject? 竹塹玻璃工藝博物館，建於西元1936年，為日治時期自治會館，亦為日本昭和皇太子來台巡視時之行館，整體東方現代化的建築，不僅表現出歐洲風格的豪華氣派，更因座落於麗池旁，與人典雅幽緻的印象。 - topic?

  21. The English formal patterns On my way here, I saw a bird. Its feathers are blue; it looked gorgeous. But whenI came near to it, itthen flew away. The Glass Art Museumwas build in 1936, and used as the local government building. Italso served as the residence for the Japanese Prince, Zhaohe. Its oriental design ….It gives an impression of elegance and tranquility.

  22. The Chinese Grammar Discourse-oriented Whatever is understood clearly in the context may be omitted: 「__ 幾點起來的？」 「__ 起來了以後 做什麼？」 「__ 好不好吃？」 「什麼時候來的？」 - tense? Topic-prominent TOPIC + Clause Chains Topic > Clause 1 , Clause 2 , Clause 3 ….

  23. The English Grammar Sentence-oriented Everything has to be marked in a sentence Subject + V-tense + Object Do you like English? 你喜歡英文嗎？ Yes, I like it. 我很喜歡. Subject-prominent Every sentence has to have a subject It is raining. 下雨了 It’s beautiful! 好美喔！ There ‘s girl looking at us. 有個女孩在看我們

  24. Different characters English 主從分明、重點在前、由小到大 Main vs. Subordinate Clause1 Clause2 Subordinate Main Subj 1 + Verb 1 - to V or Ving (non-finite V) -that [Subj2 + Verb 2] Tensed

  25. Main vs. Subordinate Because Since If In case that CLAUSEsub, CLAUSEmain When Provided that …

  26. Information Pattern 小明 比 小華 [高 ] [John is taller] than Tom 昨天晚上8點，[我去參加舞會] [I went to the dance] at 8 pm last night. 我昨天買的那本 [書]Modifier - N [The book] I bought yesterday N - Modifier 小心的 [人]Modifier - N 小心的 [檢查]Modifier - V Chinese: 重點在後 Head-final English: 重點在前 Head-initial

  27. Foreground vs. background • Address writing: • 台灣 台北市 新生南路 三段 22巷 100號 • No. 100, Lane 22, Section 3, Hsin-sheng South Rd. Taipei, Taiwan • Essay writing: • Topic sentence (1st sentence) • Thesis statement (1st paragraph)

  28. What is a Grammar? Language X 到/這裡/我 覺得/高興/很 首先/要問/你們/我 嗎/是/什麼/語法的英文 不/是/規則的死板 而/是/策略共通的達成溝通/為了

  29. How to understand the language? What are the words used? 到這裡 覺得 How to order the words? 我 到 這裡 vs. 到 這裡 我 How to relate the words? 覺得 [高興 很]

  30. 區分 Word Class Nouns (東西) 朋友/老師、書包/便當/情書 Verbs（動作狀態） 追、趕、跑、跳、碰 Adjectives（特徵） 美麗、可愛、安靜、好動、很ㄍㄧㄥ Adverbs(情態/方式) 快速地、高高興興地

  31. 排列Word Order V + O + S 到 這裡 我 V + ADVJ 覺得 高興很 ADJ + ADV 高興 很 Time Adverbial + AUX ＋VOS 首先 要 問你們我 N + (的) MODIFIER 語法的英文 Q word + VOS 嗎 是什麼語法 NEG + V + S 不 是 規則的死板

  32. 組合： 由 小 到 大 Sound p b g a ↓ ↓ Syllable wen fa ↓ ↓ Word Grammar文法 ↓ ↓ Phrase English Grammar ↓ ↓ Sentence What is English grammar? ↓ ↓ Discourse What is grammar? Grammar is the coding devices … Grammar is unique to human species.

  33. Illustrations Sound /th/, G, N, ㄓ, ㄔ, ㄕ/ 二嘟嘟 | Syllable *slpad, *dlag, ?duan | Word‘water’[form -meaning] un-birthday | Phrase a black flower/une fleur noire | Sentence I like you vs.我你喜歡 | Discourse吃了沒？吃什麼？好吃嗎？

  34. Properties of Grammar 單位的區分N, V, Aux 先後的排列A-N 大小的組合Det-N > NP I saw a dogin the car.

  35. Why is there Grammar?文法所為何來？ An Event: cat chase dog →

  36. How to describe the event? What we want to communicate must be ‘marked’ clearly in the grammar. What do you want to communicate? What happened? - verb forms Who to whom? - word order/role When? - tense How? - aspect Is it true? - modality Which one? - definite/indefinite Who’s in control? - active/passive Can you understand? - constraints

  37. Who does what to whom? Word Order(syntax) A cat chased a dog. A dog chased a cat. Word Form(morphology) He chased him. She chased her. They chased them.

  38. What happened? Verbs encode events: I made him leave. She looks like a cat. She saw a dog walk/walking along the street. She ran fast./ She ranto catch the bus. Sheplannedto study abroad. She suggested that he should leave right away. Verb types - event types: 小明 打/罵/踢…..? (V + NP) 小明 想要/打算/開始….? (V + VP) 小明 說/想/以為….? (V + CL)

  39. Classes of verbs 請參考另一份word檔案 Extended outline

  40. French : venir“come” je viens (I) nous venons (we) tu viens (you) vous venez (you) il vient (he) ils viennent (they)

  41. Ch. 5 When does it happen? Question: 英文的動詞為什麼要加ed? 溝通目的：表達事件發生的時間？ 貓追狗事件：貓在什麼時候追狗？ 時間有幾種區分？如何標記時間？ 教科書只教三種：現在/過去/未來 還有第四式：習慣事實 什麼是「現在」？如何定義「現在」？ 「說話的時間」就是現在 「現在」不是固定的時間，而是隨著「說話的人」而改變

  42. 4 Tenses Def: The relation between Event time and Speech time 事件發生的時間點 past present future <-----------*------------|--------------*-----------> Speech Time • Past: ET preceded ST • Future: ET follows ST • Present: ET is right at ST • Habitual: always, timeless, unspecified

  43. Illustrations Event time (Tense) Present: A cat is chasing a dog. Habitual: Cats chase dogs. Past: A cat chased a dog. Future: A cat will chase a dog. Present with different Verb types: 動作動詞的現在式＝現在進行 Active V: I am speaking; you are listening. Stative V: I know the answer.

  44. Present: Active vs. Stative Active V Past: He chopped wood. Present-progressive: He is chopping wood. Habitual: He (always) chops wood. Stative V (state) Past: He knew the answer. Present: He knows the answer. Habitual: He (always) knows the answer. Present-progressive: *He is knowing the answer.

  45. 動詞類型與時態 • 狀態動詞： • 現在式與習慣式的標記相同： • He is late again (現在). • He is always late (習慣). • 動作動詞： • 現在式:He is eating apples (now). • 習慣式: He eats apples (as a truth).

  46. Marking of Past Tense: Verbal morphology Regular Past: –ed Irregular base formpast tense form sing sang see saw bring brought know knew be was/were come came go went sit sat leave left have had begin began find found put put cast cast

  47. Habitual 時間上無定點： a truth/fact/habit that may happen in the past, in the present or in the future. 過去如此/現在如此/將來也如此 The sun rises in the East. He goes to school by bus. I only eat 2 meals a day. With stative verbs: The habitual and the present tense are formally identical: He knows the answer.

  48. 盲點 • A：吃飯沒？ • B：吃了！ • 中文的時間標記不在動詞上，而是依上下文或時間詞： • 我昨天去跳舞 • 我今天去跳舞 • 我明天去跳舞 • 但英文在動詞上一定要標記時間： • Where did you go yesterday? • Iwent to a dance.

  49. 功能與用法 三種 Future Tense 的標記：三種語意 a) Modal Aux ‘will’ b) Complex Aux ‘be going to’(be gonna) c) Progressive Aux ‘be…Ving’ e.g. I will leave soon. I am going to leave soon. I am leaving soon.

  50. Functional Distinctions - 3different Future Markings 1. Formality Most formal: ‘will’ 2. Time distance: Most distant future: ‘will leave’ Most immediate: ‘am leaving’ 3. Degree of certainty Higher certainty: will leave / am leaving

More Related