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Norman Suverly WSU Okanogan County Extension Educator. Supplementation of Low Quality Forages. Introduction. Forage = Beef The ideal supplement should enhance, not inhibit the animal’s ability to digest forage Supplement should complement forage quality. Basic Beef Nutrition. Rumen.
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Norman Suverly WSU Okanogan County Extension Educator Supplementation of Low Quality Forages
Introduction • Forage = Beef • The ideal supplement should enhance, not inhibit the animal’s ability to digest forage • Supplement should complement forage quality
Basic Beef Nutrition Rumen Stomach (abomasum) Intestines
Protein Energy Rumen Function Feed Stomach and Intestines
Considerations when supplementing ruminants • Rumen microbes have nutrient requirements • If not met, rumen efficiency is decreased • Feed affects rumen microbes before it affects the animal
Examples of low-quality forage • Forages that fall below nutritional levels to provide the necessary animal requirements (<7% CP) • Wheat straw 3.6% CP • Barley straw 4.7% • Grass seed straws 4-12% • Dormant range 2-6%
Nutrient content of range forage Percent Influence of season on forage quality, Johnson et al., 1998, NDSU
Ruminal Protein Digestibility Percent % of Protein Influence of season on forage quality, Johnson et al., 1998, NDSU
Nutrient content of range forages – northern Great Basin Ganskopp and Bohnert 2001, OSU
Fiber portion of forage (NDF) Digestibility (TDN) Protein content and protein degradability Forage nutrient content varies with season
Energy Corn Wheat Oats Fat Molasses Protein Soybean meal Cottonseed meal Corn gluten meal Feather and blood meal Alfalfa Canola meal Distiller grains Non-protein nitrogen Energy vs. protein supplements
Soybean meal Cottonseed meal Corn Gluten meal Canola meal Urea (48% nitrogen) Biuret Type of Protein Supplement Natural Non-Protein Nitrogen • Slowly digested • Provide VFA’s • Quickly digested/dissolved • Provides only nitrogen
Tips for successful protein supplementation • Begin your supplementation before weight loss and body condition loss • Time supplements to facilitate grazing • Supplement form – consider what it is supplying and the cost • Self-feeding vs. hand-feeding • Mineral considerations • Ca, Mg, P, K, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Na
Price SBM supplement costs $290/ton and provides 40% CP Canola meal costs $160/ton and provides 35% CP SBM is $.15/ton (290/2000) and will cost $.38/lb of protein CM is $.08/ton (160/2000) and will cost $.25/lb of protein
H. H. Koster et al. (1996) Kansas State University Effect of Degradable Protein Supplements on Intake and Digestion of Low-Quality Forage by Beef Cows
Methods • Cows fed a diet of: • Low-quality forage • 5 levels of ruminally degradable protein • Measured diet digestion parameters
Forage Intake (g/kg BW.75) Degradable Protein (grams/day)
Forage Digestion (%) Degradable Protein (grams/day)
Total Diet Digestion (%) Degradable Protein (grams/day)
Implications • Supplementing ruminally degradable protein: • Improved digestion of low-quality forage by 15% • Increased forage intake by 55% • This represents an improvement of forage utilization by the animal
D. W. Sanson, D. C. Clanton and I. G. Rush (1990) University of Nebraska Performance of Cows on Native Range When Fed Protein or Corn Supplements
Methods • 135 cows grazing native Sandhills winter range • Supplement treatments: • Ear corn • Ear corn + protein supplement • Protein supplement
Implications • Corn supplemented cows lost more weight than protein supplemented cows • Corn supplement decreased forage digestion and intake
Considerations for using energy supplements • Grain vs. fermentable fiber • Supplementation with grain at 0.4% of BW • Fermentable fiber at .2 to .8 percent • If utilizing low quality forages, no more than 0.5% of body weight (5.5 lbs for 1100 lb cow)
Using TDN/CP Ratios for Supplement Selection Forage TDN/CP Supplement > 7 Protein < 4 Energy
Situation 1 • Forage supply is abundant and protein content of the native range is 5% or less • Should select adequate diet (6.5-7 percent) • Supplement with protein • .5 to 1 lbs/day; >30% • 55 to 70% DIP
Situation 2 • Forage supply is limited and protein content below 5 percent • Combination supplement of 20 to 30% CP • Should provide supplemental energy in form of fermentable fiber.
Situation 3 • Forage supply is unlimited and protein content of range is above 5 percent • Should select adequate diet (7% or greater) • No intervention needed for a dry cow.
Conclusion • Proper supplementation can improve forage digestion and animal performance • Provide supplements that complement forage • Use resources to help determine proper supplementation
References • DelCurto, T. and D. Bohnert. Fundamentals of Supplementing Low-Quality Forage. Cattle Producer’s Library. CL317. • Ganskopp D. and D. Bohnert. 2003. Mineral concentration dynamics of 7 northern Great Basin grasses. J. Range Manage. 56: 174-184. • Ganskopp, D. and D. Bohnert. 2001. Nutritional Dynamics of 7 northern Great Basin grasses. J. Range Manage 54:640-647. • Herd, D.B. 2003. Tips on Winter Supplementation of Beef Cattle. http://thecattlemanmagazine.com/issues/2003/1103/winterSupp.asp • Johnson et al. 1998. Influence of season on forage quality. North Dakota State University. • Koster, H.H. et al. 1996. Effect of Degradable Protein Supplements on Intake and Digestion of Low-Quality Forage by Beef Cows. Kansas State University. • Mathis, C.P. 2003. Protein and Energy Supplementation to Beef Cows Grazing New Mexico Rangelands. New Mexico State University, Circular 564. • Mount, D. Supplementing Feed to Grazing Cattle. PowerPoint presentation. http://www.wyorange.net/resources/mount/MountBasicsofSupplementationtoGrazingCattle.ppt • Sanson, D.W., D. C. Clanton and I. G. Rush. 1990. Performance of Cows on Native Range When Fed Protein or Corn Supplements. University of Nebraska.