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INDIA AND PAKISTAN SINCE INDEPENDENCE

INDIA AND PAKISTAN SINCE INDEPENDENCE. PARTITION. JINNAH AND PAKISTAN. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElEYZ_BJl0M&feature=fvw. BORDER CEREMONY. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjcF6lmBqGs. The problem of Kashmir. Kashmir is India’s only Muslim majority territory

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INDIA AND PAKISTAN SINCE INDEPENDENCE

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  1. INDIA AND PAKISTAN SINCE INDEPENDENCE

  2. PARTITION

  3. JINNAH AND PAKISTAN http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElEYZ_BJl0M&feature=fvw

  4. BORDER CEREMONY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjcF6lmBqGs

  5. The problem of Kashmir • Kashmir is India’s only Muslim majority territory • India accuses Pakistan of waging a proxy war by arming militants • Jammu’s population is 2/3 Hindu • Kashmiris never voted; extremists/separatists were born • Why did the U.S. adopt Pakistan as its ally?

  6. KASHMIR CONFLICT http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rmUiLwy7kI&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

  7. Nehru (1947)>> Indian Politics <<Indira Gandhi (1966-77, 80-84) Rajiv Gandhi>> (1984-89) >> Singh (2004-now)

  8. NEHRU • LEFT BRITISH-TRAINED CIVIL SERVICE INTACT • INDIA A “ONE-PARTY DEMOCRACY” – Nehru was very popular and respected • Prime minister 1948-1966, when he died • NEUTRAL IN COLD WAR • FIVE YEAR PLANS • SOCIALIST ECONOMY – low growth rate. Highly controlled. Private businesses had “license raj.”

  9. INDIRA GANDHI • NEHRU’S DAUGHTER • NOT RELATED TO MAHATMA GANDHI • POPULAR BUT ECONOMY DID POORLY IN 1970s • P.M. 1966-1977, 1980-84. ASSASSINATED BY A SIKH BODYGUARD.

  10. A FAKE “EMERGENCY” – INDIA REMAINS A DEMOCRACY • INDIRA GANDHI TRIES TO GAIN DICTATORIAL POWERS WHEN SHE’S ACCUSED OF CORRUPTION IN 1975 • JANATA DAL PARTY DEFEATS CONGRESS IN ELECTIONS IN 1977, RESTORES FULL DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL RIGHTS – First time Congress party is defeated. • DESPITE ITS PROBLEMS, INDIA REMAINS COMMITTED TO POLITICAL DEMOCRACY

  11. RAJIV GANDHI • INDIRA’S SON • POPULAR • INTERVENES IN SRI LANKA CIVIL WAR • P.M. FROM 1984 UNTIL ASSASSINATED BY TAMIL SEPARATISTS IN 1991

  12. MORE GANDHIS • Indira’s other son, Sanjay, died in a plane crash in 1980. • Rajiv’s widow, Sonia, is Italian-born. She is president of the Congress party. • Controversy about whether she should run for higher office.

  13. ECONOMIC REFORMS – 1991 – THE BIG CHANGE • MANMOHAN SINGH becomes finance minister in 1991 • Engineers major reforms to loosen up government control of the economy • Economic takeoff in past 20 years. • Singh is currently Prime Minister • Member of Congress Party

  14. INDIA’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

  15. HINDU-MUSLIM TENSIONS • Ayodhya riots • Mumbai riots • 1992-93. Thousands dead.

  16. HINDU NATIONALISM • BJP Party wins national elections in 1998. • Favors confrontation with Pakistan • Develops nuclear weapons program, acccomplishes little else.

  17. INDIA’S ASSETS • GOOD TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE BUILT BY BRITISH (RAILROAD NETWORK) • PUSH FOR EDUCATION – MANY WELL-TRAINED PEOPLE • HUGE MIDDLE CLASS • HIGH TECH INDUSTRIES – CENTERED IN BANGALORE • WORLD’S BIGGEST DEMOCRACY • POLITICAL STABILITY • COMMON USE OF ENGLISH BY EDUCATED PEOPLE • ABLE TO FEED ITSELF THANKS TO “GREEN REVOLUTION”

  18. BOLLYWOODWORLD’S LARGEST MOVIE INDUSTRY

  19. INDIA’S PROBLEMS • MASSIVE POVERTY • CONFLICT BETWEEN CASTES & RELIGIONS • THREE WARS WITH PAKISTAN OVER KASHMIR – TERRORISTS FROM KASHMIR; 1962 border war with China • NUCLEAR STANDOFF WITH PAKISTAN

  20. INDIAN PARADOX – POVERTY AND POWER

  21. PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH – Countries which were Muslim parts of British India before partition

  22. PAKISTAN • ORIGINALLY TWO TERRITORIES, A THOUSAND MILES APART, SPEAKING TWO UNRELATED LANGUAGES • WEST PAKISTAN DOMINATED • WEST PAKISTAN HAD FERTILE LAND ONLY IN THE INDUS RIVER SYSTEM

  23. POLITICAL HISTORY • PAKISTAN ALTERNATED BETWEEN ELECTED DEMOCRACY AND MILITARY DICTATORSHIP • Shown at left: Zulfikar and Benazir Bhutto

  24. Jinnah (1947)>> Pakistan Politics <<Zulfikar Bhutto (1973-77) Benazir Bhutto>> (1988-90, 93-96) Sharif (1990-93, 97-99) Zardari (now) << Musharraf (1999-2008)

  25. BENAZIR BHUTTO http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jj8zqwfB3DM

  26. CREATION OF BANGLADESH • In 1970s, Pakistani dictator Ayub Khan cracked down on politicians inEast Pakistan. • In 1971 election, East Pakistani leader Sheik Mujibur Rahman (right) won national elections. • The military government refused to accept the results. • East Pakistan seceded and became independent with help from India.

  27. BANGLADESH • Soon after independence, Bangladesh was hit with massive floods and famine

  28. BANGLADESH • LAND OF RIVER DELTAS – VERY PRODUCTIVE LAND • PERIODIC FLOODING BECAUSE OF MONSOONS • EXTREME POVERTY • FEARS TODAY OF ISLAMIC EXTREMISM • POLITICAL SYSTEM IS DEMOCRATIC BUT NOT VERY STABLE.

  29. BANGLADESH FLOODING: A PERENNIAL PROBLEM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3ax_v1Bnjc

  30. PAKISTAN TODAY • MILITARY DICTATORSHIP SINCE 2000 • HISTORICALLY, AN ALLY OF THE U.S. • AMBIGUOUS ROLE IN TERRORISM

  31. Pakistan’s Ethnic groups • Punjabi: majority ethnic group that dominates politics and army • Pashtun: mountain region on the border of Afghanistan; government has little control over them; fierce protectors of their land & guests • Sindi: mostly rural, it is dominated by feudal families, like the Bhuttos • Baluch: sparsely settled; heroin smuggling is high; very poor

  32. PAKISTAN’S CONNECTION WITH ISLAMIC TERRORISM • In 1980, military dictator of Pakistan solidified his power by passing Islamization program, instituting sharia or Islamic law. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Relib-D3Uq8&feature=related

  33. PAKISTANI INTELLIGENCE SECRETLY AIDED THE TALIBAN IN AFGHANISTAN, AND IN TERROR ATTACKS ON INDIA FROM KASHMIR

  34. MADRASAS

  35. NORTHWEST FRONTIER LITTLE GOVERNMENT CONTROL OVER ARMED SEMI-NOMADIC TRIBES OSAMA PROBABLY HIDING IN MOUNTAINS THERE

  36. THE “ISLAMIC BOMB” • PAKISTAN EXPLODED ITS FIRST NUCLEAR DEVICE IN DESERT IN 1998. • DR. A.Q. KHAN RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS SECRET DEVELOPMENT, AND SHARED TECHNOLOGY WITH “ROGUE STATES” LIKE LIBYA, NORTH KOREA, MAYBE OTHERS

  37. NUCLEAR CRISIS

  38. NEAR-NUCLEAR CONFRONTATION OVER KASHMIR IN 1998 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwGNg0Uwry8&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

  39. THE END OF MUSHARAF? • Musharaf dismissed the Supreme Court after he stepped down as head of the army • Lawyers protested

  40. ASSASSINATION OF BENAZIR BHUTTO • Prior to parliamentary elections, opposition leaders were allowed back into the country • Benazir Bhutto returned, was assassinated

  41. NEW PRIME MINISTER SWORN IN – TRANSITION BACK TO DEMOCRACY? • Has freed imprisoned judges • Army remains strongest institution in country • Rebellion in Baluchistan province • Problems of poverty and lack of development

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