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Common Climate Classification Methods

Common Climate Classification Methods. Wladimir Koeppen 1900 Several updates Geiger 1936 Thornthwaite1943,48,55 Trewartha 1954, 1961 Griffiths 1966 and later. Vegetation assemblages Seasonal/annual temp and precip Moisture Balance Modified Koeppen system Koeppen modification. Koeppen.

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Common Climate Classification Methods

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  1. Common Climate Classification Methods • Wladimir Koeppen 1900 • Several updates Geiger 1936 • Thornthwaite1943,48,55 • Trewartha 1954, 1961 • Griffiths 1966 and later • Vegetation assemblages • Seasonal/annual temp and precip • Moisture Balance • Modified Koeppen system • Koeppen modification

  2. Koeppen • A- Tropical/Megathermal • B- Dry (arid, semiarid) Climates • C- Temperate/Mesothermal Climates • D- Continental/Microthermal • E- Polar • H- Alpine • Following information from (Kimmel)

  3. Af- tropical rainforest Characteristics Locations AMAZON RIVER BASIN CONGO RIVER BASINEASTERN COAST OF CENTRAL AMERICA EASTERN COAST OF BRAZIL  PHILIPPINES EASTERN COAST OF MADAGASCAR EASTERN INDIA SOUTHERN BANGLADESH  MALAYSIA INDONESIA • ALL AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPS GREATER THAN 18C/64.4F • DRIEST MONTH WITH AT LEAST 6CM/2.40" OF PRECIPITATION

  4. Aw- tropical wet and dry (low sun) Characteristics Locations GENERALLY POLEWARD OF Af CLIMATE AREAS NORTHERN AND EASTERN INDIA  INTERIOR MYANMAR (BURMA)  INDO-CHINESE PENINSULA  NORTHERN AUSTRALIA  BORDERLANDS OF CONGO RIVER BASIN SOUTH CENTRAL AFRICA  WESTERN CENTRAL AMERICA  LLANOS OF VENEZUELA CAMPOS OF BRAZILEXTREME SOUTHERN FLORIDA CARIBBEAN ISLANDS • ALL AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPS GREATER THAN 18C/64.4F • MORE THAN 2 MONTHS HAVE LESS THAN 6CM/2.40" PRECIPITATION • DISTINCT DRY SEASON DURING LOW SUN SEASON (WINTER); DISTINCT WET  SEASON HIGH SUN SEASON (SUMMER)

  5. As- tropical wet and dry (high sun) Characteristics Locations EXTREME EASTERN TIP OF SOUTH AMERICA (BRAZIL) • ALL AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPS GREATER THAN 18C/64.4F • MORE THAN 2 MONTHS HAVE LESS THAN 6CM/2.40" PRECIPITATION • DISTINCT DRY SEASON DURING HIGH SUN SEASON (SUMMER)

  6. Am- tropical monsoon Characteristics Locations SOUTHWESTERN INDIA (coast) SRI LANKA BANGLADESH MYANMAR (BURMA) SOUTHWESTERN AFRICA GUYANA SURINAM FRENCH GUIANA PARTS OF NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST BRAZIL • ALL AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPS GREATER THAN 18C/64.4F • ONE OR MORE MONTHS LESS THAN 6CM/2.40" PRECIPITATION • EXCESSIVELY WET DURING RAINY SEASON

  7. BWh: Low latitude deserts Characteristics Locations SAHARA DESERT SONORANDESERT ARABIAN DESERT THAR DESERT (WESTERN INDIA & PAKISTAN) AUSTRALIAN DESERT KALAHARI DESERT • PE> P • ON AVERAGE P < 50% PE • MEAN AVERAGE TEMP IS OVER 18C/64.4F • FROST ABSENT OR INFREQUENT WINTER

  8. Bwk: Mid latitude deserts Characteristics locations RUSSIAN TURKISTAN DESERT TAKLA MAKAN DESERT GOBI DESERT  MOJAVE DESERT • MEAN AVERAGE TEMP IS BELOW 18C/64.4F; BELOW FREEZING TEMPS WINTER

  9. BSh: Steppe Hot Characteristics locations -APPROXIMATELY 13-15 DEGREES NORTH LATITUDE IN AFRICA-20 DEGREES SOUTH LATITUDE SOUTHERN AFRICA -BORDERLANDS AUSTRALIAN DESERT -PORTIONS OF SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA -PORTIONS OF INDIA -BORDERS BWh CLIMATES OF NORTHWESTERN AFRICA, SAUDI ARABIA, WESTERN INDIA • EVAPORATION EXCEEDS PRECIPITATION • ON AVERAGE P > 50% BUT LESS THAN POTENTIAL EVAPORATION • BUNCH GRASSES (SOUTH TEXAS NORTHWARD) • MEAN AVERAGE TEMP IS OVER 18C/64.4F

  10. BSk: Steppe Cool characteristics locations WESTERN GREAT PLAINS OF USA & SOUTH CENTRAL CANADA BORDERS BWh AREAS CASPIAN SEA EASTWARD TO CHINA/MONGOLIA • Same as BSh • MEAN AVERAGE TEMP IS BELOW 18C/64.4F Billings, MT

  11. Cwa: humid subtropical dry winter characteristics locations Portions of China, Japan, Korea • AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF WARMEST MONTH AVERAGES OVER 22C/72F • AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF COLDEST MONTH IS UNDER 18C/64.4F AND ABOVE  -3C/26.6F • WINTER DROUGHT; AT LEAST 10 TIMES AS MUCH PRECIPITATION DURING WETTEST SUMMER MONTH AS IN DRIEST WINTER MONTH. Chongqing China precip

  12. Cfa: humid subtropical characteristics locations -SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES (FLORIDA NORTHWARD TO NORTH CAROLINA AND WESTWARD THROUGH ALL OF OKLAHOMA, EXCEPT PANHANDLE, AS WELL AS CENTRAL AND EAST TEXAS) -SOUTHEASTERN SOUTH AMERICA -COASTAL SOUTHEASTERN SOUTH AFRICA -EASTERN AUSTRALIA -EASTERN ASIA • Same as Cwa • YEAR ROUND RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION Birmingham

  13. Csa and Csb: MEDITERRANEAN L.A. characteristics locations -CENTRAL, COASTAL AREAS OF CALIFORNIA -CENTRAL, COASTAL CHILE -MEDITERRANEAN SEA BORDERLANDS -IRANIAN HIGHLANDS -CAPETOWN AREA OF SOUTH AFRICA -SOUTHERN AND SOUTHWESTERN AREAS OF AUSTRALIA • a WARM WITH DISTINCTLY DRY HOT SUMMER W/STRONG CONTINENTAL INFLUENCE AVERAGE TEMP OF COLDEST MONTH IS UNDER 18C/64.4F AND ABOVE -3C/26.6F AT LEAST 3 TIMES AS MUCH PRECIPITATION DURING WETTEST WINTER MONTH AS IN DRIEST SUMMER MONTH (PRECIPITATION IN DRIEST SUMMER MONTH LESS THAN 4CM/1.56")  WARMEST MONTH HAS AVERAGE TEMP OVER 22C/71.6F; AT LEAST 4 MONTHS  HAVE AVERAGE TEMPS OVER 10C/50F B NO MONTH WITH AVERAGE TEMP OVER 22C/71.6F; AT LEAST 4 MONTHS HAVE AVERAGE TEMPS OVER 10C/50F

  14. Cfb and Cfc- Marine West Coast Anchorage characteristics locations -COASTAL OREGON, WASHINGTON, BC, AND SOUTHERN ALASKA -NORTHWEST EUROPE -SOUTHERN CHILE -INTERIOR SOUTH AFRICA -SOUTHEAST AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND • AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF ALL MONTHS IS BELOW 22C/71.6C • AT LEAST 4 MONTHS WITH AN AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ABOVE 10C/50F • AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF COLDEST MONTH IS UNDER 18C/64.4F AND ABOVE -3C/26.6C • RAINFALL EQUALLY SPREAD THROUGHOUT YEAR • Cfc • 1 TO 3 MONTHS WITH AN AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ABOVE 10C/50F Seattle

  15. Dfa and Dwa: Humid Continental Omaha characteristics locations EASTERN AND MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES (ATLANTIC COAST TO  THE 100TH  MERIDIAN POLEWARD OF THE "C" CLIMATE TYPE) EAST CENTRAL EUROPE NORTHERN CHINA, MANCHURIA NORTHERN KOREA, AND HONSHU • AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF COLDEST MONTH IS -3C/26.6F OR BELOW • AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF WARMEST MONTH IS GREATER THAN 10C/50F • RAINFALL EQUALLY SPREAD THROUGHOUT YEAR • Dwa • WINTERS DRY

  16. Dfb and Dwb Detroit characteristics locations NEW ENGLAND THE GREAT LAKES REGION SOUTH CENTRAL CANADA SE SCANDINAVIA EASTERN EUROPE WEST CENTRAL ASIA EASTERN MANCHURIA & ASIA HOKKAIDO • AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF COLDEST MONTH IS -3C/26.6F OR BELOW • AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF WARMEST MONTH IS GREATER THAN 10C/50F • NO MONTH WITH AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OVER 22C/71.6F • RAINFALL EQUALLY SPREAD THROUGHOUT YEAR

  17. Dfc and Dfd: subarctic Fairbanks, AK characteristics locations NORTHERN NORTH AMERICA (FROM NEWFOUNDLAND TO ALASKA) NORTHERN EURASIA (FROM SCANDINAVIA THROUGH SIBERIA TO THE  BERING SEA AND THE SEA OF OKHOTSK) • AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF COLDEST MONTH IS -3C/26.6F OR BELOW • AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF WARMEST MONTH IS GREATER THAN 10C/50F • 1 TO 3 MONTHS WITH AVERAGE TEMPERATURES ABOVE 10C/50F • RAINFALL EQUALLY SPREAD THROUGHOUT YEAR • Dfd • COLDEST MONTH HAS AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF -38C/-36.4F OR BELOW

  18. Et: Tundra characterisitcs locations ARCTIC OCEAN BORDERLANDS OF NORTH AMERICA, GREENLAND AND EURASIA ANTARCTIC PENINSULA SOME POLAR ISLANDS • AVERAGE TEMP OF WARMEST MONTH IS BELOW 10C/50F BUT IS GREATER THAN  0C/32F • P > PE

  19. TrewarthavsKoeppen • Ar (T) = Af (K) • Greater expanse of savanna and stricter monsoon requirement • West coast climates change • Cs (T) = Csa and Csb (K), Do (T) = Cfb, Cfc (K) • Dca and Dcb (T) = Dfa and Dfb (K) • E Boreal Climate replaces Dfc and Dfd • F Polar climates replace E climates

  20. Thornthwaite Formulation Moisture Index • Water Budget • Ih = 100 S/PE (S = surplus) • Ia = 100 D/PE (D = deficit) • Moisture Index • Im = Ih – 0.6 Ia • Revised to remove weighting • Im = 100[(S – D)/PE] or • Im = 100(P/PE – 1) Source: (Feddema 2005)

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