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Blood

Blood. Functions of Blood. Specialized connective tissue Functions include: Transporting dissolved gases Transporting and distributing nutrients Transporting metabolic wastes Transporting and delivering enzymes and hormones Stabilizing pH and electrolyte composition of interstitial fluids

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Blood

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  1. Blood

  2. Functions of Blood • Specialized connective tissue • Functions include: • Transporting dissolved gases • Transporting and distributing nutrients • Transporting metabolic wastes • Transporting and delivering enzymes and hormones • Stabilizing pH and electrolyte composition of interstitial fluids • Restrict fluid loss through clotting reaction • Defending the body against toxins and pathogens • Stabilizing body temperature

  3. Composition of Blood • Plasma – liquid matrix of blood • Formed elements – blood cells and cell fragments • Whole blood – mixture of plasma and formed elements • Blood amounts and other details • Males 5-6L of blood • Females 4-5L • pH 7.35-7.45

  4. Plasma • 55% of whole blood is plasma • 92% of plasma is water • 7% of plasma is protein • 60% of plasma proteins are albumins • Osmotic pressure of plasma and transport of fatty acid steroid hormones • 35% of plasma proteins are globulins • Immunoglobulins – antibodies • Transport globulins • 4% of plasma proteins are fibrinogen • Clotting reaction

  5. Formed Elements • Red blood cells • White blood cells • Platelets

  6. Red blood cells • About half the volume of blood • Hematocrit – measure of RBC’s in whole blood • Average male 46% • Average female 42% • RBC’s carry oxygen and carbon dioxide • RBC’s have unusual biconcave shape • Strength and flexibility • Large surface area for rapid diffusion of gases • Average life span of 120 days

  7. Anatomy of a red blood cell

  8. Hemoglobin • 95% of a RBC protein • Allows cells to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide • Four unit globular protein with a heme unit that contains iron to allow binding of oxygen • 280 million hemoglobin molecules per cell • 1 billion oxygen molecules carried per cell!

  9. Gas Exchange • Simple diffusion • Lungs • Oxygen diffuses into the RBC • Carbon dioxide diffuses out • Tissues • Oxygen diffuses out of the RBC into the surrounding tissues • Carbon dioxide diffuses into the RBC from the tissues

  10. Blood groups

  11. White Blood Cells • Also called leukocytes • Very small number present in the blood • Provide protection against disease • Divided into two groups based on appearance • Granulocytes • Aganulocytes

  12. Granulocytes • Neutrophils – 50-70% of WBC’s • Active phagocytic cells – engulfs bacteria • Eosinophils – 2-4% of WBC’s • Phagocytic cell – parasitic infections • Basophils – less than 1% of WBC’s • Contain histamine granules • Inflammation at site of injury • Allergic reactions

  13. Agranulocytes • Monocytes – 2-8% of WBC’s • Enter peripheral tissue and become macrophages • Monocytes and macrophages are active phagocytic cells • Lymphocytes – 20-30% of WBC’s • Very small cells • Responsible for specific immunity • T cells • B cells

  14. Fig. 12.06

  15. Fig. 12.07

  16. Fig. 12.08

  17. Fig. 12.10

  18. Platelets • Fragments of a larger cell called a megakaryocyte • Life span of about 10-12 days • Platelets participate in the clotting reaction • HEMOSTASIS

  19. Platelets

  20. Hemopoiesis • Blood cell formation • Stem cells called hemocytoblasts produce all the blood cells in several steps • Erythropoiseis • Occurs in the red bone marrow • Regulated by the hormone erythropoietin • Leukopoiesis • Red bone marrow • Regulation not well understood

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