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Connective Tissues:

Connective Tissues:. Blood Repair Membranes. Components of Blood. Cells: Formed Elements RBC (Erythrocytes; 95% ) WBC (Leucocytes) Platelets (Thrombocytes) Matrix: Plasma Water ( 91% ) Extracellular Proteins (7%) Ions, gases, nutrients (2%) – ground substance.

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Connective Tissues:

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  1. Connective Tissues: Blood Repair Membranes

  2. Components of Blood • Cells: Formed Elements • RBC (Erythrocytes; 95%) • WBC (Leucocytes) • Platelets (Thrombocytes) • Matrix: Plasma • Water (91%) • Extracellular Proteins (7%) • Ions, gases, nutrients (2%) – ground substance

  3. Extracellular proteins • Albumin - contributes to osmotic pressure of blood • Globulins - Antibodies, transport molecules, clotting factors • Fibrinogen - Clotting factor; produces fibrin (threadlike, blood-clot-forming protein) • Serum = Plasma minus clotting factors

  4. Types of Leucocytes • Granulocytes: Leukocytes containing large cytoplasmic granules • Neutrophils • Basophils • Eosinophils • Agranulocytes: Leukocytes lacking cytoplasmic granules • Lymphocytes • Monocytes

  5. Granulocytes • Neutrophils: Most common • spend 10-12 hours in blood • phagocytize microorganisms & foreign substances in tissues --> pus!! • Basophils (mast cells): Least common • release histamine & others promoting inflammation • release heparin which prevents clotting • Eosinophils • release inflammation suppressing compounds (antihistamine) • Produce chemicals which destroy worm parasites

  6. Agranulocytes • Lymphocytes: Smallest WBC; immune response; • produce antibodies & chemicals to destroy foreign cells • contribute to allergic reactions • reject tissue grafts • Monocytes: Largest WBC; become macrophages in tissues • Phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments • Present phagocytized particles to lymphocytes -> activation

  7. Tissue Repair • Inflammation • Macrophages, injured cells, mast cells release inflammatory chemicals • Capillaries dilate; permeability increases • Proteins, leucocytes, blood leak into injured area. • clot forms

  8. Tissue Repair • Organization • Fragile, capillary-laden tissue grows into wounded area • Fibroblasts proliferate; stimulate growth & new collagen fibers • Macrophages digest blood clot

  9. Tissue Repair • Regeneration • Basal lamina grows under the scab & epithelium thickens • Connective tissue contracts and thickens = scar tissue

  10. Tissue Origins

  11. Membranes

  12. Fascia: CT framework • Superficial • Connects skin to organs • areolar & adipose CT • Deep • Connects organs to body wall; connects to bones & muscles • Irregular CT • Subserous • Connects deep to serous membranes • Areolar CT

  13. Membranes • Composition: All consist of ET supported by CT • Membranes line body surfaces • Mucous • Serous • Cutaneous • Synovial

  14. Mucous Membranes • Line passageways and chambers that communicate with exterior • Digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary • Kept ET moist • reduces friction • facilitate absorption or secretion • Thin ET over areolar CT

  15. Serous Membranes • Separate viscera • 3 types: • Pleura, peritoneum, pericardium • Thin • Prevent friction between neighboring organs • Mesothelium supported by areolar CT

  16. Cutanoeous Membrane • Skin! • Thick! • Relatively water proof and dry • Stratified squamous ET over areolar CT over dense irregular CT

  17. Synovial Membranes • Joint capsule membranes • Lubricates joint cavities surrounding adjacent bones • Major layer of areolar CT • matrix = collagen fibers & “cement” + incomplete layer of macrophages and fibroblasts (derived from ET)

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