Occupational Hazards Associated with the Moving Image Archivists Profession

1. Occupational Hazards Associated with the Moving Image Archivists Profession

2. What’s behind your door? ? Door No. 2 Door No. 1

3. Objectives • Review different environmental factors or stresses that may cause sickness, impaired health or significant discomfort in workers • Review the film archive work environment, work activities and potential hazards • Review film base issues and discuss specific chemical hazards • Review applicable programs that could apply to the film archive

4. Hazard vs. Risk • Hazard = Capable of causing harm • Risk = Hazard + Probability • Risk = Hazard + Outrage

5. Environmental factors or Stresses • Chemical hazards • Physical hazards • Biological hazards • Ergonomic hazards

6. Chemical hazards • Result from excessive exposure through inhalation, skin contact or ingestion of chemical agent(s). • Physical form of chemicals can be liquids, particulates (dust, fumes, mists, smoke), vapors or gases.

7. Chemical Hazards • Toxicity • Acute vs. chronic effects • Dose response • Individual variation • Physical Properties • Flammability • Reactivity • Corrosivity

8. Exposure Limits Are typically based on an 8-hr full shift exposure PEL OSHA – Permissible Exposure Limit Has the effect of law TLV ACGIH – Threshold Limit Value Independent, non-regulatory Considered to represent best available recommendation

9. Exposure limits

10. Exposure limits (cont.)

11. Exposure factors • Concentration • Time 20 Conc. (ppm) OSHA PEL For Acetic Acid 10 1 8am 10am 12pm 2pm 4pm 6pm

12. Ergonomics • Ergonomics –is the study of the design of work in relation to the physiological and psychological capabilities of people…also called biotechnology or human engineering • Office ergonomics (sitting, computer work, etc.) • Lifting rolls/cans of film • Weight • Lifting height • Using manual winders • Sitting • Arms ways from body • Wrist position • Lighting • Temperature extremes

13. Physical hazards • Safety • Life safety (egress – exit pathways) • Falls (ladders) • Electrical • Damaged power cords • Machine guarding • Winders/projector • Slips/falls

14. Physical hazards • Noise • From viewing movies with sound tracks • OSHA limit is 85 dBA as an 8-hr average

15. Physical hazards • Ionizing or non-ionizing radiation • Projector lamps (Xeon bulbs can produce harmful wavelengths of UV light (270 nm) • Bright visible light hazards from projector bulbs • Some static eliminators use radioactive materials (Po-210 or Am-241)

16. Biological Hazards • Blood borne pathogens • First aid teams • Contaminated equipment • Molds & Bacteria • Contaminated film • Contaminated storage facility or HVAC equipment

17. Toxicity Physical properties Ionizing/Non-ionizing radiation Noise Safety (egress, mech, elect, falls, etc.) Blood borne pathogens Molds & bacteria Hazard review Chemical Ergonomic Physical Biological CTD, (material handling, etc.)

18. Anticipate Recognize Evaluate Control Hazard Assessment Process

19. Hierarchy of Hazard Control • Substitution • Engineering • Administrative • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

20. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Discuss proper use of PPE Discuss selection and limitations of gloves Needs to be done

21. Film archive environment • Typical work activities • Receiving and inspection of new inventory • Storing film under controlled conditions • Conservation of films • Inspection/viewing • Cleaning • Copying • Restoring

22. Receiving, Inspection & Viewing • Activities • Material handing • Inspection • Data entry • Hazards • Ergonomic – lifting, carrying, use of manual winders • Cuts from packaging, film can or film • Eye issues – dust, impact with leader • Film condition – mold, decomposition, chemical/cleaning contamination

23. Rewind – Manual and Power Discuss manual winding issues, arm and hand positions

24. Winders • Payoff Control • Take up Control • Archival Wind • Speed Setting for: • - acetate • - polyester • Non Critical Film • Elements Only!!

25. Splicers Discuss mechanical “pinch” hazards

26. Viewers

27. Activities Material handling Working in controlled environment (cold/dry) Data entry Hazards Ergonomic Mechanical – pinch points, automatic rack systems Material falling Indoor air quality Chemical exposure Film decomposition Off-gassing Storing film

28. Racks

29. Activities Winding and unwinding Visual inspection Environment (ambient temp./higher humidity) Hazards Ergonomic Eye strain/injury Cuts Exposure to mold or chemicals Conservation work - Inspection

30. Racks • Double roll – 2000 ft 35 mm film weighs about 15 lbs • Single roll – 1000 ft weighs about 7 lbs

31. Racks

32. Activities Loading/unloading film into cleaning equipment Handling solvents Hazards Skin contact and inhalation of cleaning solvents Conservation - Cleaning

33. Activities Retouching Re-coloring Mold removal Splicing Hazards Chemicals Biocides Conservation - Restoration

34. Solvent cleaning • Solvents used can include: • Trichloroethane • Perchloroethane • 3M Solvent • IPA • Potential hazards: • Defattening of skin • Narcosis • liver

35. Film base • Cellulose nitrate: 1893-1952 • 35mm • Cellulose triacetate: 1940’s – present • 8mm, Super 8mm, 9.5mm, 16mm, 28 mm, 35mm & 70mm • Polyester: Mid-1950’s to present • Super 8mm, 16mm, 35mm & 70mm

36. House Keeping • Film Handling Areas • Vault Areas • Staging Area

37. Volatiles released from film • Residual casting solvents • Off-gassing of cleaning solvents • Volatile degradation products

38. Residual solvents from manufacturing • Methylene chloride • Acetone • N-butanol • Cyclohexane • 1,2 dichloropropane

39. Cl - Cl-C-CH3 - Cl Cl - Cl-C=C-Cl - Cl Off-gassing from film cleaning products • 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (ozone depletion substance –ODS) • Perchloroethylene (also known as tetrachloroethylene

40. Cellulose nitrate film base • Severe fire/explosion risk • Requires special storage facilities • Degrades to form oxides of nitrogen • Acidic by-products (accelerates degradation) • Skin and respiratory irritants

41. Cellulose triacetate film base • Vinegar syndrome • 1000 ft roll could release 250 teaspoons of acetic acid equivalent to ~ 1.3 quarts

42. Vinegar Syndrome • Acetic acid hazards/characteristics • Symptoms at various concentrations • Measurement of acetic acid • Draeger tubes • Passive dosimeters • IPI strips

43. Local requirements Regulatory impacts Transportation regulations Safety & Health Environment -Air -Water -Solid waste

44. Applicable HSE Programs • Emergency preparedness (exits, fire, medical emergencies) • Hazard communication • Ergonomics • Personal protective equipment • Electrical safety • Machine guarding • Environment permits (air /water) • Possible transportation issues

45. Questions

46. Identify typical workplaces where hazardous chemicals are present. • Identify physical hazards and health hazards of chemicals. • Identify measures to take to protect yourself from hazards associated with chemicals. • Explain how to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical. • Identify who is responsible for your organization's Written Hazard Communication Program and where it is located. • Explain health effects in terms of toxicity and exposure. An effective Hazard Communication Program should be able to:

47. An effective Hazard Communication Program should be able to – Cont.: • Explain toxicity and the factors effecting toxicity. • Identify the conditions of exposure and the factors effecting exposure. • Define target organ effects and list associated chemical categories and the general health effects they have on the body. • Explain the labeling system used in your work area. • Explain where MSDSs are kept. • Explain the information on an MSDS. • Identify how to obtain appropriate hazard information associated with chemicals.

48. An Effective Personal Protective Equipment Program will allow you to: • Select the correct PPE • Describe when to use PPE • Demonstrate how to don PPE • Demonstrate how to doff PPE • Demonstrate how to adjust and wear PPE • Describe the limitations of PPE • Describe the care of PPE • Demonstrate how to maintain PPE • Identify the end of useful life of PPE • Safely dispose of PPE

49. An Effective Ergonomic Program will: • Describe whatergonomicsis and how to apply ergonomic principles to the design of workplaces and tasks in an effort to reduce musculoskeletal risk factors. • Identify the common types of musculoskeletal disorders and the factors that may contribute to their occurrence. • Perform office assessments using basic task analysis skills and problem solving tools and techniques to identify and reduce musculoskeletal risk factors in the workplace. • Describe how anergonomicsprogram functions and explain their roles and responsibilities in the program. • Train other employees related to theErgonomicsof computers.

50. An Electrical Safety Training Course will provide: • Training on electrical hazards common to employees and the effects of electricity to the body. Topics include de-energizing equipment, inspecting cords and plugs, operating electrical disconnects, GFCI's and alerting techniques used to warn other employees. The course should be intended on meeting the training requirements for OSHA 29 CFR 1910.331 as it relates to "unqualified persons". • Discuss how electricity can harm you • Recognize how to avoid electrical hazards • Describe how to work safely around electrical equipment • Locate different kinds of electrical hazards