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Mexico’s Land Certification Program: Rollout and Impact on Voting Behavior

Mexico’s Land Certification Program: Rollout and Impact on Voting Behavior. Marco Gonzalez-Navarro, Alain de Janvry , and Elisabeth Sadoulet April 2010. Mexico’s First Land Reform. Large land redistribution program (1917-1992)

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Mexico’s Land Certification Program: Rollout and Impact on Voting Behavior

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  1. Mexico’s Land Certification Program: Rollout and Impact on Voting Behavior Marco Gonzalez-Navarro, Alain de Janvry, and Elisabeth Sadoulet April 2010

  2. Mexico’s First Land Reform • Large land redistribution program (1917-1992) • Distributed over 100 million ha to 3.5 million families (>50% of Mexican territory) • Strong restrictions to sales and rentals • Within an ejido 3 types of land: Individual plots, communal lands and residential plots • Over time restrictions became onerous: Illegal rental and sales markets, informal settlements, presence of posesionarios (non-ejidatarios who use land) • Designed as a vote control mechanism by PRI?

  3. Mexico’s Second Land Reform (1992) • Allowed rental, sales and sharecropping • Established a national land certification program Procede (1992-2006) • Before certificates rolled out: • Agrarian tribunals (to solve land disputes) • Rural attorney’s office • National rural land registry office • Established the figure of “Assembly of Ejidatarios” as a legally competent body to accept or reject Procedeprogram, to determine land allocation inside the ejido, and to vote on transformation into fully private property

  4. Procede Land Certification Program (1992-2006) • Had an office in every state • Objective: Maximize number of ejidoscertified and area certified • Procedure: • Agent visits ejido authorities and offers program • Assembly of Initiation is summoned and vote is held to authorize Procede to begin (simple majority) • Procede goes to ejido to obtain contour of ejido, and interior partition (individual plots, common lands, residential plots) (Comparison to ejido creation documents) • Proposed division is presented and exhibited • All land disputes must be solved before proceeding: by agreement or in agrarian tribunals • Finalization assembly is held to authorize partition of ejido (supermajority) • Land Registry office produces certificates for all ejido: Individual certificates, common area shares, residential plot titles

  5. Land Certified by 1993

  6. Land Certified by 1994

  7. Land Certified by 1995

  8. Land Certified by 1996

  9. Land Certified by 1997

  10. Land Certified by 1998

  11. Land Certified by 1999

  12. Land Certified by 2000

  13. Land Certified by 2001

  14. Land Certified by 2002

  15. Land Certified by 2003

  16. Land Certified by 2004

  17. Land Certified by 2005

  18. Land Certified by 2006

  19. Starting Date of Procede

  20. Correlates of Start Date

  21. Date Certificates Awarded

  22. Length of Certificate Procedure

  23. Ejido and Non-Ejido Votes

  24. PRI Vote Share 1994

  25. PRI Vote Share 1997

  26. PRI Vote Share 2000

  27. PRI Vote Share 2003

  28. PRI Vote Share 2006

  29. No Evidence for Vote Control

  30. No Evidence for Reciprocity

  31. No Evidence for Moving to the Right

  32. No Evidence for Moving to the Right

  33. No Evidence for Moving to the Right

  34. No Evidence for Moving to the Right

  35. No Evidence for Moving to the Right

  36. Conclusions • Mexico’s second land reform was successful in providing land certificates to 91% of ejidos and comunidades • Program was voluntary and accompanied by the creation of agrarian tribunals, agrarian attorneys, and a rural land registry • Rollout was guided by efficiency concerns and in response to demand from beneficiaries • Although poorer ejidos certified later, the program reached the vast majority of target population • Opposed to what political scientists predicted: we do not find changes in voting behavior correlated to land certificates • Procede shows that large scale land reform can be efficiently implemented without political backslash • Future research questions: • Did titles improve production and productivity? How? • Did titles impact migration towards urban areas?

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