Early Emancipation in the North

1. Early Emancipation in the North

2. Missouri Compromise, 1820

3. Antebellum Southern Society

4. Characteristics of the Antebellum South • Primarily agrarian. • Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South.” • “Cotton Is King!” * 1860 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports). • Very slow development of industrialization. • Rudimentary financial system. • Inadequate transportation system.

5. Southern Society (1850) “Slavocracy”[plantation owners] 6,000,000 The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers] Black Freemen 250,000 Black Slaves3,200,000 Total US Population  23,000,000[9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

6. Southern Population

7. Antebellum Southern Economy

8. Graniteville Textile Co. Founded in 1845, it was the South’s first attempt at industrialization in Graniteville, SC

9. Southern Agriculture

10. Slaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi Plantation

11. Understanding the Cotton Gin • Cotton bolls, made up of fiber and seeds, are fed into the cotton gin. The dark arrows show the path of the cotton through the gin. • As the handle is turned, the cylinder and brushes rotate. • Wire teeth catch the cotton bolls and pull them through narrow wire slots. • The seeds are too large to pass through the slots. They fall to the bottom of the gin. • Rotating brushes pull cleaned cotton fiber from the wire teeth and sweep it out of the gin.

12. What can you make from a bale of cotton? One bale of cotton weighs about 480 pounds and is about the size of your refrigerator. From that bale, you can make: • 215 Pairs of Jeans • 409 Men’s Sport Shirts • 690 Terry Bath Towels • 765 Men’s Dress Shirts • 1,217 Men’s T-shirts • 3,085 Diapers • 4,321 Mid-Calf Socks • 313,600 $100 Bills

13. Slaves Using the Cotton Gin

14. Changes in Cotton Production 1820 1860

15. Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US Exports

16. “Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”William Henry Brown, 1842

17. Slaves Working in a Sugar-Boiling House, 1823

18. The South’s “Peculiar Institution”

19. Southern Society • Southern society was similar to a Feudal system that existed in Europe during the Dark and Middle Ages…..(Manorial System) • Caste system and difficult to move up the social ladder. • Based on white supremacy and the slave was inferior. Plantation owners Aristocracy Upper class Owned some slaves. Achieve American Dream Middle ClassSmall farmers Owned no slaves….Hated white upper class…American Dream Poor Whites Free Blacks, 2nd class citizens No political or civil rights. Slaves---no rights, considered property

20. Slave Auction Notice, 1823

21. Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-1856

22. Slave Accoutrements Slave Master Brands Slave muzzle punishment Slave Collars – bells = no escape

23. Anti-Slave Pamphlet

24. Slave Accoutrements Slave leg irons Slave tag, SC Slave shoes

25. Antebellum Southern Plantation Life

26. Slave-Owning Population (1850)

27. Slave-Owning Families (1850)

28. % of Southern White Families Owning Slaves 1860 % About 1,150,000 Southern white families owned no slaves---75% About 384,000 Southern white families owned 1 slave or more---25% Total of 1,534,000 Southern white families in 1860……A total population of 7,981,000….

29. Slaves posing in front of their cabin on a Southern plantation.

30. Tara – Plantation Reality or Myth? Hollywood’s Version?

31. A Real Georgia Plantation

32. Scarlet and Mammie(Hollywood Again!)

33. A Real Mammie & Her Charge

34. The Southern “Belle”

35. A Slave Family

36. The Ledger of John White • Matilda Selby, 9, $400.00 sold to Mr. Covington, St. Louis, $425.00 • Brooks Selby, 19, $750.00 Left at Home – Crazy • Fred McAfee, 22, $800.00 Sold to Pepidal,Donaldsonville, $1200.00 • Howard Barnett, 25, $750.00 Ranaway. Sold out of jail, $540.00 • Harriett Barnett, 17, $550.00 Sold to Davenport and Jones, Lafourche, $900.00

37. US Laws Regarding Slavery • U. S. Constitution: * 3/5s compromise [I.2] * fugitive slave clause [IV.2] • 1793 Fugitive Slave Act. • 1850  stronger Fugitive Slave Act.

38. Southern Slavery--> An Aberration? • 1780s: 1st antislavery society created in Phila. • By 1804: slavery eliminated from last northern state. • 1807: the legal termination of the slave trade, enforced by the Royal Navy. • 1820s: newly indep. Republics of Central & So. America declared their slaves free. • 1833: slavery abolished throughout the British Empire. • 1844: slavery abolished in the Fr. colonies. • 1861: the serfs of Russia were emancipated.

39. Slavery Was Less Efficient in the U. S. than Elsewhere • High cost of keeping slaves from escaping. • GOAL raise the “exit cost.” Slave patrols. Southern Black Codes. Cut off a toe or a foot.

40. Slave Resistance & Uprisings

41. Slave Resistance • “SAMBO” pattern of behavior used as a charade in front of whites [the innocent, laughing black man caricature – bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile, etc.].

42. Slave Resistance • Refusal to work hard. • Isolated acts of sabotage. • Escape via the Underground Railroad.

43. Runaway Slave Ads

44. Quilt Patterns as Secret Messages&Songs to freedom Follow the Drink’n Gourd. Steal Away Swing Low Sweet Chariot The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.

45. Slave Rebellions Throughout the Americas

46. Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South Gabriel Prosser1800 1822

47. Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South: Nat Turner, 1831

48. The Culture of Slavery • Black Christianity [Baptists or Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals. • “Pidgin” or Gullah languages. • Nuclear family with extended kin links,where possible. • Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].

49. Southern Pro-SlaveryPropaganda