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Class 11b: Urban geography

Class 11b: Urban geography . Why cities? Where? Internal spatial dynamics. Suburbanization Inner cities. What is a city? . A central place (exports good and services to a larger region) A place of a certain size and density 200 in Denmark 2,000 in the U.S. 20,000 in Japan

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Class 11b: Urban geography

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  1. Class 11b: Urban geography • Why cities? Where? • Internal spatial dynamics • Suburbanization • Inner cities

  2. What is a city? • A central place (exports good and services to a larger region) • A place of a certain size and density • 200 in Denmark • 2,000 in the U.S. • 20,000 in Japan • A recent phenomenon (3% in 1800)

  3. Rubenstein 13-1

  4. Why cities? • Specialization of labor • Agglomeration and efficiency • Economies of scale • Sharing suppliers, customers, services • Administration and organization • Defense

  5. Where are cities? • Site: characteristics of the place itself • Situation: relative characteristics Gateway to gold country At a silver deposit Head of navigation On a railroad Waterfall River delta

  6. Getis 12.9

  7. Ancient cities • Crossroads, water sources • Jericho (9000 BC) • Catal Huyuk (6000 BC) • Memphis (3000 BC) • Cooperation on irrigation, defense • Ur (5000 BC) • Interdependence of city and country

  8. Catal Huyuk Jericho

  9. Medieval cities • Small by today’s standards • 1 square mile; 300,000 inhabitants • Surrounded by wall, farm fields • Military strategy, religion, crossroads • Organic city plan

  10. Köln/Cologne, Germany

  11. Tombouctou/Timbuktu, Mali

  12. Industrial cities • Rapid urban growth • New cities: close to power sources, markets • Coalfields (Manchester, UK) • Water power (Lowell, MA) • Health and social issues • London (Dickens) • Chicago (The Jungle)

  13. World cities • Based on services, not goods • Face-to-face contact, communications • Global orientation, internal inequalities • NYC, London, Tokyo

  14. Economics of cities • Your responsibility! • Basic vs. nonbasic industries • Examples (Figure 12.11) • Multiplier effect

  15. Getis 12.11 (six separate)

  16. Von Thünen’s land use model • German landowner in 1800s • Noticed pattern of agricultural land use • Three assumptions: • Isolated city (no trade) • Surrounded by homogenous landscape • All that matters is transport costs

  17. Land value Distance from market

  18. Land value Distance from market

  19. Land value Distance from market

  20. Land value Distance from market

  21. Land value Distance from market

  22. Land value Distance from market

  23. Getis 12.19

  24. Getis 12.22

  25. Urban land use models • CBD: “highest and best use” • What happens beyond? • Three models of Chicago • “Featureless plain” • University of Chicago • Not mutually exclusive

  26. Concentric circles • Sociologist in 1920s • CBD, then “zone of transition” • Working-class homes • Middle-class homes • Commuter suburbs • Urban ecology: invasion and succession

  27. Rubenstein 13-5

  28. Rubenstein 13-8

  29. Sector model • Economist in 1930s • Central activities expand out by sector • High-end housing in attractive sector • Industrial near transportation • Middle-class housing next to high-end • Lower-class housing gets the rest

  30. Rubenstein 13-6, 13-9

  31. Sector model • Status displayed via housing • Middle class always moves outward • Vacancy chains start • Fastest growing suburbs = poorest inner city

  32. Buffalo SLC Chicago

  33. Multiple nuclei • Geographers in 1940s • CBD isn’t the only center • Commercial, industrial, port, etc. “nodes” • Expanding nodes intersect

  34. Rubenstein 13-9, 13-10

  35. Getis 12.25, 12.26

  36. Suburbs and inner cities • Suburban residents and jobs came from somewhere • Growth now limited to suburbs • Segregation by class, race • Falling tax income, rising service needs • Spatial mismatch: jobs moved, poor didn’t

  37. Suburbs and inner cities • But agglomeration still matters • And immigrants still arrive in cities • Increasing redevelopment of downtowns • LoDo in Denver • Battery Park in NYC • Jack London Square in Oakland • Train station in Sacramento

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