Chapter 10: Medieval Europe & the Ottoman Empire

1. Chapter 10: Medieval Europe & the Ottoman Empire Lesson 2: The Crusades

2. Rome ca 116 AD under Trajan

3. “Roman” Empire - 476 AD

4. Muslim Lands by 750 AD

5. 1081 AD

6. MAIN IDEAS • Religious and political motives led the Europeans (Christians) to begin a series of wars to conquer Palestine. • Turkish (Muslim) armies gradually recaptured territory lost during the First Crusade. • The Crusades, including the reconquest of Spain and Portugal, had a lasting effect on European culture.

7. Battle for PalestineEQ: Why did the Europeans begin a series of wars to conquer Palestine? • Causes of the Crusades • Jerusalem surrendered to Islam in 637. • Turks attacked Byzantine Empire beginning in 1064 • Seljuk Turks captured Palestine, including Jerusalem, in 1071 & made Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem nearly impossible • Dhimmi status robbed non-Muslims of dignity, possessions, and safety, particularly if traveling to Jerusalem. • In 1095, Byz. Emperor Alexius sent envoys to Pope Urban II asking for mercenary troops from the West to help confront the Turkish threat.

8. Battle for PalestineEQ: Why did the Europeans begin a series of wars to conquer Palestine? • Soldier’s Motivation to Go: • “indulgence,” guaranteeing Heaven • wealth and honor • Pope’s Motivation to Send: • Regain authority over European princes • Help fix the Relationship with the Eastern Church, broken in 1054

9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rkbL2_SXQY

10. The First CrusadeRQ:What were the results of the First Crusade? • The First Crusade • In 1096, European armies (60-100,000) departed for Byzantine capital Constantinople in 3 waves - lack of training & supplies left tens of thousands dead along the way. Byz. Empire to retain any land taken • Byz. Emperor fails to help in Antioch. Crusaders feel their vow is lifted. • European forces captured Jerusalem in 1099 and divided captured land into four Crusader states: Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem • Only 300 knights and 300 other soldiers stayed to defend Jerusalem and the surrounding area. The others returned home.

11. The First Crusade

12. Muslims Return to PowerRQ: What was the key to the success of the defending Islamic armies? • Crusades 2-4 • Second Crusade (1147–1149) Goal to recapture Edessa and reinforce Jerusalem. French and Germans went but didn’t cooperate; Saladin unifies Egyptian, Syrian, and Turkish Muslims and recaptures Jerusalem in 1187. Begins Ayyubid Dynasty. • The Third Crusade (1189–1192) called to recapture Jerusalem. England joins. Crusade was “successful” but failed to recapture Jerusalem. In 1192, Saladin and Richard agreed to a truce; Muslims controlled Jerusalem, Christians allowed to visit Holy Land. • The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was launched because the truce didn’t last. Funding to come from Constantinople but didn’t. Crusaders sacked Constantinople. Byzantine Empire left even weaker. • Crusaders attacked by Mongols in 1241. Muslim power (Mamluk) shifts to Egypt.

14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzE6-WZtOi4

15. Muslims Recapture Palestine - 1291EQ: What were some effects of the Crusades on Europe? • Catholic Church/Pope increase in influence, necessity. • Feudal power diminished; kings rise to superiority. • The products of the near and far east were traded. • Worsening of conditions for dhimmis and Euro-Jews. • Contact with learning in the East helped spark future Renaissance.

16. LIKE WHAT? • Food products: rice, coffee, sherbet, dates, apricots, lemons, sugar, spices such as ginger, melons, rhubarb and dates. • Household goods: mirrors, Persian carpets, cotton cloth for clothing, ship’s compasses, writing paper, wheelbarrows, mattresses and shawls. • New ideas: chess, Arabic numbers 0 to 9, pain killing drugs, algebra, irrigation, chemistry, the color scarlet, water wheels and water clocks • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvekfZ0uTpc

17. Muslims Recapture Palestine - 1291EQ: What were some effects of the Crusades on Europe? • 6. Irreparably weakened the Byzantine Empire. • 7. Italian city-states (Venice, etc.) get rich through trade. • 8. Use of gunpowder against Crusaders changes warfare. • 9. Crusades inspired exploration (e.g. Marco Polo, 1271). • 10. Increased trade led to the transportation of diseases.

18. The ReconquistaRQ: How are the Crusades and the Reconquista related? • In 700s, Muslims conquered Iberian Peninsula (Spain, Portugal). Advance halted at Tours (France) in 732. • Reconquista—the term for the Christian effort to reacquire Spain (718–1492) • In the late 1400s, King Ferdinand, Queen Isabella unify Spain through religion, military. • Inquisition—Catholic judicial group that combated heresy authorized by Pope Sixtus IV in 1478. The Grand Inquisitor was Tomas de Torquemada. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAn7baRbhx4

19. The ReconquistaBehind the Scenes • Fall of Constantinople in 1453. • Isabella became Queen of Castile in 1474; Ferdinand became the King of Aragon in 1479. Their marriage united the two kingdoms, leading to the beginnings of modern Spain. • In 1500, the Antichrist, with his army of Jews and Muslims, would be confronted and defeated. Spain had to be purified. • Isabella would reign as history’s counter to the submissive, sinful, weak-minded Eve, as the reincarnation of the Virgin Mary.

20. The ReconquistaBehind the Scenes • Jewish ritual murder of a Christian child was a popular myth. Jews were confined to ghettos in 1480 and were expelled in 1492. • Muslim Moors defeated in Granada in 1492 and expelled in 1502. • Jewish converts were Conversos (subjected to Inquisition); Muslims were Moriscos (expelled in 1614). • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMjgsmKbn8M • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89Xv4mV1BIs • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFL2vvK63dg

21. Lesson Summary • Christian Europe launched Crusades from 1096 to 1270 to take control of Palestine from Muslims. • Under Saladin, Muslims regained much territory lost during the First Crusade. • Crusaders failed to keep control of Palestine, but the Reconquista in Spain was successful. So What . . . Some look back to the Crusades in an effort to understand tensions between the West and the Middle East today.