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Protons for Breakfast Do we need Nuclear Power Week 6

Protons for Breakfast Do we need Nuclear Power Week 6. March 2014. In the event of rain and flooding…. In the event of…. Nadia Smith Paul Carroll Paul Green Peter Nisbet-Jones Peter Quested Peter Woolliams Rainer Winkler Ralf Mouthaan Robert Goddard Ruth Pearce Sharmila Hanson

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Protons for Breakfast Do we need Nuclear Power Week 6

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  1. Protons for BreakfastDo we need Nuclear PowerWeek 6 March 2014

  2. In the event of rain and flooding… In the event of…

  3. Nadia Smith Paul Carroll Paul Green Peter Nisbet-Jones Peter Quested Peter Woolliams Rainer Winkler Ralf Mouthaan Robert Goddard Ruth Pearce Sharmila Hanson Sam Alvey-Taylor Stephanie Bell Subrena Harris Sue Gibbons Sue Oakley Tracey Skinner Vicky Hall Who is helping? Jessica Cross Brown Joanne Nightingale John Gallop John Makepeace John Mountford Jonathan Pearce Jordan Tompkins Joseph Thom Kate Wilkinson Kieran Edmonds Lauren Petrie Leigh Stanger Lindsay Chapman Louise Brown Maria Lodeiro Marieke Beckmann Marta Doval Minarro Matt Cashmore Amelia Marks Amir Kayani Andrew Hanson Andy Knott Averil Horton Bo Li Claire Greenwell Dale Partridge David Clay Deborah Lea Edward Brightman Gianluca Memoli James Claverley James Miall Jane Burston Jeff Flowers Jenny Hully Jenny Wilkinson

  4. Eeeee - lec- tric-ity!

  5. Part 2! It’s the kind of energy we produce so easily You can make it with a steam or water turbine Make it when the generator turns` Make it with a simple storage battery Make it with a photoelectric cell How would modern living be without Electricity? It would be terribly inconvenient to say the least Can you imagine what living would be without…Electric lights, bells and clocks, heaters and refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, washers,dryers,freezers,fans and elevators. Radios and TV sets, Hi Fi Phonographs, Motion Pictures, X-rays and the telephone and telegraph. Electric motors and machines for home and farm and industry. Our modern world is resting on - Electricity It’s essential in today’s transportation Vital if you want light and heat Necessary in Communication Indispensable mechanically

  6. Electricity generation in the UK • How is electricity generated? • How much electricity does the UK need ? • Where does it come from? • Nuclear Power Stations are due for closure • How to replace the lost generating capacity? • Nuclear Power • Radioactivity & Nuclear Fission • Pros and Cons Does Britian need nuclear power?

  7. How is electricity generated? (1) Only ‘solar’ power is renewable & sustainable 0.01 % of solar energy would meet all energy demands

  8. Steam Engine

  9. Mamod

  10. While the station powers up… • Please take 10 minutes to fill out the forms. Ticking the boxes is important, butyour comments are especially valuable.

  11. How much electricity do we need? A family home Nationally Average ~1 kilowatt (kW) ~24 kWh per day Peak~5 kilowatt (kW) Average ~40 gigawatt (GW) ~1 TWh per day Peak~60 gigawatt (GW) × 40 million =

  12. Electricity Generation in UKDaily variations in 2001/2002 gigawatt (GW) billion watts =109 W = 1000000000 W =10 Million Light bulbs

  13. Electricity Demand 2001-2009 Mmmm. Looks near to 60 GW peak demand! Average Demand is about 40 GW!

  14. How do we meet this demand? Electricity Consumption Right Now!

  15. Daily Variation in Supply Source Other Imports Power (GW) Typical Winter Demand Thursday 6th December 2001 50 40 Coal 30 20 Gas (Combined Cycle) 10 Nuclear 0 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00 Time of Day

  16. Evolution of Supply Sources Gas (Combined Cycle) Coal Nuclear

  17. UK Nuclear CapacityHistory and Future Energy Gap?

  18. What will happen in the future? • No shortage of coal and gas • See BP Statistical Review of world energy2013 • Cost? • Security of supply? • Renewables will increase • but by how much? • Nuclear will decline

  19. Simplified picture WIND NUCLEAR GAS COAL

  20. ‘Concerned ‘of Tedddington Mmmm… I am a bit suspicious of Nuclear Power, but tell me more and I’ll make up my mind.

  21. To understand nuclear power and how it works we first need to understand about Radioactivity

  22. Some radioactive things… Detectors Cloud Chamber Supermarket Radioactivity

  23. Remember this… Electricity ‘Nuclear’ refersto the nucleusof atoms Atoms Heat Electromagnetic waves

  24. What is Radioactivity? • Normally nuclei act as heavy point-like centres for atoms • More than 99.9% of the mass of every atom is made of nuclear matter • More than 99.9% of the mass of your breakfast is made of nuclear matter Nucleus

  25. Protons & neutrons The number of protons (+) in the nucleus determines the number of electrons(-) required to make the atom neutral Determines the chemical and physical properties of the atom But the number of neutrons in a nucleus can vary.

  26. Example 39K, 40K and 41K 0.01% • Radioactive Same number of protons Different numbers of neutrons • Potassium is 2.4% of the Earth’s crust • Natural potassium (symbol K) has three isotopes

  27. Three types of radioactivity • Named with the Greek a, b, c a alpha, b beta, g gamma • Nuclei with a ‘balanced’ number of protons and neutrons are stable

  28. Alpha (a) Decay Alpha particle gamma ray Charge oscillations in nucleus Nucleus with too many protons

  29. Beta (b) Decay Beta particle gamma ray Charge oscillations in nucleus Nucleus with too many neutrons

  30. Radioactivity How do we measure it?

  31. Units of Radioactivity How much radioactivity is there? What effect will it have on me? Measured in becquerel (Bq) 1 Bq = 1nuclear decay per second Measures the amount of ‘radioactivity’ Measured in sievert(Sv) Dose Rate measured in microsieverts per hour Measures the effect of ‘radioactivity’ on humans 1 Bq is a tiny amount of radiation 1 Sv is a very large dose of radiation

  32. UK doses Average UK dose per year • Average 0.0026 Sieverts • Average 2.6milliSieverts Average UK dose rate • About 7microSieverts /day • About 0.3microSieverts /hour Banana • 0.01 to 0.1microSieverts Dental X-ray scan • About 5microSievert Chest CT scan • About 7milliSieverts http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/pdf/sfty_xray.pdf

  33. What is Nuclear Power? Nuclear Power How does it work?

  34. Uranium • Uranium has two common isotopes 238U and 235U • Uranium has 92 protons • The 238 or 235 is the total number of protons and neutrons

  35. Fission means splitting’ • Some heavy nuclei can be induced to fission i.e. split in two - by the addition of a single neutron • Nuclear fragments move very fast. As they interact with nearby atoms they cause tremendous heating One more ‘wafer thin’ neutron, Sir?

  36. Uranium Fission • 235U + n >>> 236U + n • After a short while • 236U >>> fragments + 3 n

  37. Sustained chain reaction • 235U + n >>> 236U >>> Fragments + 3n

  38. Uncontrolled chain reaction • 235U + n >>> 236U >>> Fragments + 3n

  39. Nuclear Power Stations

  40. Mmmmm… • Operational in 2023 • 2 x 1.6 GWe • £16 billion to be paid for by France and China (!) • We promise to buy all electricity at 9.25 p per kWh. • £2.3 billion per year. • Offshore wind • 15.5 p per kWh. • Onshore wind • 10 p per kWh. • Large Solar • 12.5 p per kWh. • Current wholesale  price • 5.5 p per kWh. Hinkley C

  41. Nuclear Positives Picture Credit http://www.peakoilblues.org/

  42. Nuclear Positives • 1 kg natural uranium has a volume of 50 cm3 • Produces 40 thousand kWh • Equivalent to 16 tons of coal • Nuclear energy is cleaner than coal • Lower radioactive emissions • Much less radioactive waste • Conventional Power Stations • Cheaper than nuclear because they don’t pay to clean up their waste (CO2) • Safety & Reliability • One fifth of UK electricity supply for last 30 years • Many fewer deaths attributable to Nuclear Power than to Coal

  43. Nuclear Negatives

  44. Chernobyl • 26 April 1986 • 31 dead Immediately • Many cancers caused • Ultimate death toll • 100? • 15,000?

  45. Chernobyl Effect on UK Fall out from atmospheric atomic weapons testing Total radiation dose was 20 times less than the dose from the atmospheric bomb tests from 1945 to 1963. Annual dose (micro Sieverts) Chernobyl 1951 1988 Year

  46. Fukushima • 11 March 2011 • 0 dead Immediately • Ultimate death toll • 0?

  47. What happened?

  48. Fukushima BANG! 1500 MW heating ~ 500 °C 100 MW heating and cooling H2 Earthquake Warning! >2000 °C

  49. Source • Radioactive deposits resulting in external or internal radiation. • Measured in becquerel Risks from radioactivity Effect: • Damage to the DNA resulting in cancer. • Related to the energy deposited in tissue. • Measured in μSv (dose) or μSv/h (dose rate).

  50. Cs-137 in soil (2011) • http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/11/11/1112058108.full.pdf

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