Unit 9

1. Unit 9 Passage A Online Smiley Face Passage B Agog over Google

2. Passage A Online Smiley Face

3. Background information Nowadays many people communicate through the internet. If one is talking to his net friends in Chinese, he or she is sure to come across some net terms like”菜鸟，大虾，美眉，GG，灌水，潜水”. The same happens with online communication in English. People may use various combinations of signs and abbreviations which sound usual, but in some cases make online communication big fun.

4. This article tells you how one of these symbols was developed and helps you to communicate more effectively online. Can you tell the meaning of the following symbols: -D ^0^ ^-^ LOL A/S/L pic 4U R ASAP Cya BWT BBL BRB bro sis BF GF

5. Passage A Online Smiley Face All over the country these days, electronic mail message are concluding with this odd little punctuation sequence  or one of it many variants, like (paraphrase1 ). These are “smileys”, so-called because when you tilt your head to the left they look like little faces. With a colon for eyes and a hyphen for a nose.( paraphrase 2) Thus when a message ends  it means “just kidding.” If it ends  it means “I’m depressed.”

6. It was 20 years ago that Scott Fahlman taught the Net how to smile. The Carnegie Mellon computer scientist has devoted his professional life to artificial intelligence, the practice of teaching computers how to think like humans, but the beard scientist is perhaps best know for a flash of inspiration that helped to define Internet culture (translation 1).

7. By the early 1980’s, the Computer Science community at Carnegie Mellon was making use of online bulletin boards. A good many of the posts were humorous. The problem was that if someone made a joke, a few readers would fail to get it.

8. This problem caused some people to suggest (only half seriously) that maybe it would be a good idea to explicitly mark posts that were not to be taken seriously. After all, when using text-based online communication, we lack the body language or tone-of-voice cues that convey this information when we talk in person or on the phone (paraphrase 3).

9. So on Sept.19,1982, Fahlman typed  in an online message.” I had no idea I was starting something that would soon pollute all the world’s communication channels,” he later wrote. The “smiley face” has since become a staple of online communication, allowing 12-year-old girls and corporate lawyers alike to punctuate their message with a quick symbol that says” Hey, I am only joking.”

10. This convention caught on quickly around Carnegie Mellon, and soon spread to other universities and research labs via the computer networks of the day. In the two decades since, the smiling icons have taken the e-world by storm. Now called emotions, short for emotive icons, Fahlman’s original sideways smiley face sparked the creation of thousands of variations. (translation 2)

11. Yahoo, Microsoft and American Online all incorporate emotions into their instant message systems, while telecom firms, jewelry makers and online retailers have filed trademark applicants for products and slogans that incorporate Fahlman’s smiley face. But Fahlman has never seen a dime from his creation.” If it cost people a nickel to use it, nobody would have used it. This is my little gift to the world, for better or worse,” he said.

12. Part Ⅰ Language points • Catch on v. to understand, to become popular 懂得，流行 Eg. This idea has been around for ages without catching on. 这种观点存在多年但从未流行过。 Skateboarding caught on quickly. 滑板很快流行起来。

13. Conclude • V. to bring to an end, close 归结为 Finish----complete----conclude (fml--infml) Eg. Give us the tool, and we will finish the job. Nothing worth doing is completed in our life.生命中永远有值得做的事情。 The article concluded with a restatement of the major points presented. 这篇文章以对主旨的重述结束。 Government representatives concluded tariff negotiation. 政府代表结束了关税协商。

14. They are building undersea pipes to convey oil from thousands miles away. 他们正在修建海底管道以从千里之外输送石油。（continuous, regular movement or flow） convey V. To take or carry from one place to another, transport 运输，传递

15. The company has a fleet of trucks to for conveying products to the wholesale market. 这家公司有一支卡车队将货物运到批发市场。（serve as a medium for the delivery or transmission）

16. Cf: carry, bear, transport, transmit Eg: The train carries baggage, mail and passengers. (supporting sth while moving)运送 An envoy came bearing the sad news. (the effort of supporting a burden, implying sth important)带来，标有 These huge tankers are used to transport oil.( the movement of persons or material objects, often over a considerable distance )运输

17. define v. To state the precise meaning of (a word or sense of a word, for example to describe the nature or basic qualities of, explain)定义，详细说明 Their task was to define the properties of a new drug. 解释新药的特性 I miss the gentle hills that were defined against the sky. 我怀念那天空衬托下轮廓分明的丘陵。

18. Gloomy, dejected 令人失望的，沮丧的 Eg. If you are depressed, you are sad and feel that you enjoy anything, because your situation is so difficult and unpleasant. The construction industry is no longer as depressed as it was. 建筑业已经不再像以前那样令人悲观了。 depressed

19. devote v. To give or apply (for example oneself or one’s life) entirely 奉献 If you devote yourself, your life, or your energy to something, you spend all or most of your time or energy on it. He decided to devote the rest of his life to scientific investigation. 他决定将自己的余生奉献给科学研究事业。

20. Fully and clearly expressed, leaving nothing implicit 清晰的，具体的 He ignored these explicit criticism towards his speech. 对那些对他讲话的明显批评，他置之不理。 Cf: implicit , not expressed directly or completely.含蓄的，暗示的 explicit

21. For better or worse Whether the situation or consequence be good or ill 无论好坏 In the name of God, I, (Name), 我以上帝的名义，郑重发誓： take you, (Name), to be my (husband/wife) 接受你成为我的丈夫/妻子 to have and to hold from this day forward, 从今日起 for better or worse, 不论祸福

22. for richer or poorer,贵贱 in sickness and in health疾病还是健康 to love and to cherish,都爱你 until we are parted by death.珍视你 This is my solemn vow.直至死亡

23. incorporate v. To unit (one thing) with sth else already in existence 合并 eg: we will incorporate your suggestion in the new plan. 我们会将你的建议加入新计划。

24. inspiration n. A feeling of enthusiasm you get from someone or sth, which gives you new and creative ideas 灵感 eg: India's myths and songs are the inspiration for her books. 她著作的灵感来自于印度神话和歌曲。 Genius is 99% perspiration and 1% inspiration. 天才是 百分之一的汗水和百分之 一的灵感。

25. professional • Relating to a person’s work, especially work that requires special training 职业的 Eg: Doctors and engineers are highly professional people. 医生和工程师职业性都很强。 n. People who do a particular thing to earn money rather than as a hobby. eg: Jack Nicolas has played in every Major Championship since he turned professional in 1961. 职业球员

26. extremely sucessful, to captivate completely 突然取得成功，使大吃一惊 Eg: Kenya’s long distance runners have taken the athletics world by storm. 肯尼亚的长跑运动员一举成功震惊体育界。 Take…by storm

27. Paraphrase 1 BACK …..throughout the country, people often end their e-mail messages with a strange series of punctuation marks like  and .

28. Paraphrase 2 BACK …it was so called because when you tilt your head to the left, they look like little faces: a colon stands for eyes and a hyphen stands for a nose.

29. …when talking online, we lack the signals like body language or tone-of-voice that convey this information when we talk in person or on the phone… BACK Paraphrase 3

30. Translation 1 BACK 这位卡内基·梅隆大学的计算机科学家把他的一生都献给了人工智能的研究，即教会计算机如何像人一样思维，不过这位大胡子科学家最为世人所知晓的是他在定义互联网文化时所闪现的灵感。

31. Translation 2 BACK 这种做法很快在卡内基·梅隆大学流行起来。不久就通过当时的计算机网络传到了其它大学和科学实验室。在之后的二十年里，笑脸图标震撼了电子网络界。法尔曼开创的这个放倒的笑脸今天我们称之为情感符，它引发了成千上万个同类符号的诞生。

32. Translation skills Conversion of parts of speech: • Michael has a strong resemblance to his father. 长得像 （名词变动词） • Let us be open and overboard. 打开窗户说亮话 （形容词变动词） • I am aware that he is no longer the boss. 意识到 （形容词边动词） • My brother is majoring in Chinese. 专业是 （东西变名词）

33. 5) The success of the book brought him popularity. 使他变得有名了 （名词变形容词） 6) I stopped to listen to the stream that babbles. 潺潺的流水 （动词变形容词） 7) I met an old man on my way back home. 回家的路上 （副词变形容词） 8) Are you for or against the proposal? 赞成还是反对 （形容词变动词）

34. Passage B

35. Language points Correspondent: n. One who communicate by means of letters 通信者 One employed by the print or broadcast media to supply news stories or articles 通讯记者 Eg: a foreign correspondent 外国记者

36. 扩展： Correspondence school 函授学校 Correspondence course 函授课程 Corresponding：adj. Having the same or nearly the same relationship 相同关系 几乎相同关系的 city poverty and its corresponding problems 城市贫困及其相随的问题

37. oblige v. 1. To make indebted or grateful 使感激或感谢 I am obliged to you for your gracious hospitality. 我很感谢你的热情好客。 2. To constrain by physical, legal, social, or moral means 强制 强迫

38. eg: I believe that every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty. 我相信每一项权利意味着义务；每一个机会意味着束缚；每一份财产意味着责任。 （小约翰·D·洛克菲勒） 扩展：obligation :A social, legal, or moral requirement, such as a duty, contract, or promise that compels one to follow or avoid a particular course of action.义务，责任社会、法律或道德要求

39. widely known; immediately noticeable 著名的，显眼的 eg: Thomas Jefferson was a prominent politician who drafted the Declaration of Independence in 1776. 托马斯·杰斐逊是著名的政治家，他起草了1776年的美国独立宣言。 Prominent

40. Impossible to comprehend or grasp fully，unbelievable 不能完全理解或掌握,不可想象 The hurricane in 2005 brought an inconceivable disaster to New Oreland. 2005年的飓风给新奥尔良市带来不可想象的灾难。 Inconceivable

41. Embed v. To fix firmly in a surrounding mass, to enclose snugly or firmly 嵌入，包围，包埋…使成一个整体 The idea has firmly embedded in his mind. 这种观点已经深深地扎根于他的脑海里。

42. Malpractice Improper or negligent treatment of a patient, the act or an instance of improper practice 不当的或草率的治疗,不端行为不良行为的行动或例子 The doctor was detained because of malpractice. 这个医生因渎职罪被拘留。

43. Decent a. meeting accepted standards; adequate; Morally upright; respectable; 像样的，可接受的，正派的，值得尊敬的 He went to work in a foreign company with a decent salary after graduation. 他毕业后到一家外资企业工作，有一份相当不错的薪水。 It is very decent of them to lend you money. 他们借给你钱真好。

44. Translation 1 The name comes from “googol”, the mathematical term for a 1 followed by 100 zeros. This means, “a hell of a lot more than there is in the universe.” People choose the word Google because they want to organize all the data on the Web.

45. Google这个字起源于英语词googol，它是一个表示1后面跟100个零的数字专有名词术语。意思是说“比世界万物都多出很多。”Google公司选择这个名字是因为他们要把所有的资料都整理到网络上。

46. Now that the verb “to Google” is embedded in the language, Googling has turn out to be, for some, a moral problem. 如今Google（在Google上搜索）作为一个动词已经在英语中扎根，对有些人来说，这就产生了一个道德问题。 Translation 2

47. Tired of Google? I’m afraid of those who are tired of Google are tired of life. 不喜欢Google吗？恐怕厌倦Google的人也会厌倦生活。 Translation 3

48. Grammar Focus Infinitives as Object, Adverbial and Attributive. 1.不定式的形式和特征： 1）不定式是一种非谓语动词，由不定式符号to加动词原形构成： 2）不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，同时也保留动词的特征，它可以有自己的宾语和状语。例如： He began to write storiesin 1990. (宾语) （状语）

49. 2.不定式的作用：不定式在句子中可做主语、表语、宾语、状语和定语。2.不定式的作用：不定式在句子中可做主语、表语、宾语、状语和定语。 3. 不定式的被动语态作定语时，常含有“将要”，“有必要”等意思。翻译时可在不定式前加“要”，“待”等词。 Examples: 1.He offered to go with us. 他提出和我们一起去。（作宾语） 2. I don’t know where to get the books. 我不知道在哪儿搞到这些书。 （作宾语）

50. 3. There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么值得发愁的。 （作定语） 4. The parts to be jointed are usually heated to a certain temperature. 要连接的这些零件通常要加热到一定的温度。（作定语） 5. They will go to the station to meet the guest. 我们将去车站迎接客人。（作状语，表示原因）