Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

1. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Cullen Archer, MD Assistant Professor Obstetrics and Gynecology UT Health Science Center at San Antonio

2. Definitions • Menses: cyclic regular uterine bleeding occurring every 28 days with 4 days duration • Menometrorrhagia: prolonged uterine bleeding occurring at irregular intervals • Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea): prolonged (more than 7 days) or excessive (greater than 80 cc) uterine bleeding occurring at regular intervals. • Polymenorrhea: uterine bleeding occurring at regular intervals of less than 21 days • Oligomenorrhea: infrequent uterine bleeding occurring at irregular intervals from every 35 days to 6 months • Amenorrhea: no menses for at least 6 months • Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding: excessive uterine bleeding with no demonstrable organic cause. It is most frequently due to abnormalities of endocrine origin, particularly anovulation.

3. How much is too much? • 40% of women with blood loss > 80 cc considered their menstrual flow to be small or moderate in amount (Halberg, et. al.) • 14% of women with blood loss < 20 cc thought menses was too heavy. • Blood loss > 80 cc per cycle is associated with significantly lower hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum iron levels than women with less menstrual blood loss (Halberg).

4. Classification • Organic • Inorganic (Dysfunctional) • Diagnosis of exclusion • Anovulatory • Ovulatory

5. Organic AUB • Systemic Disease • Coagulopathy • Hypothyroidism • Cirrhosis • Genital tract disease

6. Coagulopathies • Von Willebrand’s disease • Prothrombin deficiency • Leukemia • Sepsis • ITP • Hypersplenism

7. Hypothyroidism • Frequently associated with menorrhagia as well as intermenstrual spotting • Incidence 0.3% to 2.5% among women with menorrhagia

8. Organic AUB • Systemic Disease • Coagulopathy • Hypothyroidism • Cirrhosis • Genital tract disease

9. Genital Tract Disease • Pregnancy • Malignancy • Infection • Anatomic uterine abnormalities • Foreign bodies (IUD) • Oral and injectable steroids (OCPs and HRT)

10. Pregnancy • Intrauterine pregnancy • Threatened abortion • Incomplete abortion • Complete abortion • Missed abortion • Ectopic

11. Malignancy • Cervical cancer • Endometrial cancer • Estrogen producing ovarian tumors

12. Infection • Endometritis • Cervicitis • Postcoital bleeding

13. Anatomic Abnormalities • Leiomyomata • Submucosal • Intramural • Endometrial polyps • Adenomyosis

14. Dysfunctional (inorganic) • Anovulatory DUB • Ovulatory DUB

15. Anovulatory DUB • Predominant in the postmenarchal and premenopausal years • Continuous estradiol production without corpus luteum formation and progesterone production • steady state of estrogen stimulation leads to a continuously proliferating endometrium, which may outgrow its blood supply or lose nutrients with varying degree of necrosis • In contrast to normal menses, uniform slough to the basalis layer does not occur, which produces excessive uterine blood flow

16. Ovulatory DUB • occurs most commonly after adolescent years and before perimenopausal years • incidence ~ 10% of ovulatory women

17. Management • Hypothyroidism • 50-200 mcg LT4 daily resulted in disappearance of menorrhagia within 3-6 months

18. Management • Leiomyomata • OCPs • Myomectomy • Leuprolide acetate 3.75 mg IM qmonth x3 • Hysterectomy • Uterine artery embolization • Endometrial polyps • Hysteroscopy, D+C • Adenomyosis • OCPs • GnRH analog • Hysterectomy

19. Acute DUB • Estrogens • In pharmacologic doses causes rapid groth of the endometrium over denuded tissue • CEE 10 mg/d po in 4 divided doses should control within 24 hours (if not, 20 mg) • IV route for acute menorrhagia (25mg IV q 3hr x2; 3-6 hours for effect) • Progestins • Because most women with acute menorrhagia bleed because of anovulation, progestin therapy is also indicated • MPA 10 mg daily with estrogen x 7-10 days • OCP taper (or high dose) x 7 days

20. Progestins • Stop endometrial growth • Support and organize the endometrium • Organized slough to the basalis layer occurs after withdrawal allowing a rapid cessation of bleeding • Long-term treatment of choice for anovulatory DUB • Not as effective for acute bleeding

21. Levonorgestrol IUD • 80% reduction in menstrual blood loss at 3 months and 100% at one year • Particularly effective in women with ovulatory DUB

22. Levonorgestrol IUD is contraindicated when one or more of the following conditions exist: • Pregnancy or suspicion of pregnancy • Congenital or acquired uterine anomaly, including fibroids if they distort the uterine cavity • Acute pelvic inflammatory disease or a history of pelvic inflammatory disease, unless there has been a subsequent intrauterine pregnancy • Postpartum endometritis or infected abortion in the past 3 months • Known or suspected uterine or cervical neoplasia, or unresolved abnormal Pap smear • Genital bleeding of unknown etiology • Untreated acute cervicitis or vaginitis, including bacterial vaginosis or other lower genital tract infections, until infection is controlled • Acute liver disease or liver tumor (benign or malignant) • Woman or partner has multiple sexual partners • Conditions associated with increased susceptibility to infections with microorganisms. Such conditions include, but are not limited to, leukemia, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and I.V. drug abuse • Genital actinomycosis • A previously inserted IUD that has not been removed • Hypersensitivity to any component of this product • Known or suspected carcinoma of the breast • History of ectopic pregnancy or condition that would predispose to ectopic pregnancy

23. NSAIDs • Reduce MBL particularly in women who ovulate by 20-50% • A complete understanding of MOA not known • Mefenamic acid 500mg TID • Ibuprofen 400mg TID • Meclofenamate 100mg TID • Naproxen-Na 275mg q6hr after 550mg load

24. Endometrial Ablation • Rollerball • Thermachoice Balloon • Novasure • Contraindications • Desires future fertility • Complications • Fluid overload • Uterine perforation • Thermal damage to adjacent organs

25. INDICATIONS • The GYNECARE THERMACHOICE UBT System is a thermal balloon ablation device intended to ablate the endometrial lining of the uterus in premenopausal women with menorrhagia (excessive uterine bleeding) due to benign causes for whom childbearing is complete. CONTRAINDICATIONS The device is contraindicated for use in: • A patient with known or suspected endometrial carcinoma (uterine cancer) or premalignant change of the endometrium, such as unresolved adenomatous hyperplasia. • A patient with any anatomic or pathologic condition in which weakness of the myometrium could exist, such as history of previous classical cesarean sections or transmural myomectomy. • A patient with active genital or urinary tract infection at the time of procedure (e.g., cervicitis, vaginitis, endometritis, salpingitis, or cystitis). • A patient with an intrauterine device (IUD) currently in place. • A patient who is pregnant or who wants to become pregnant in the future.

26. Indications: • NovaSure Endometrial Ablation is intended to ablate the endometrial lining of the uterus in premenopausal women with menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding) due to benign causes for whom childbearing is complete. Contraindications: NovaSure Endometrial Ablation is contraindicated for use in patients who: • Are pregnant or want to become pregnant in the future; pregnancies following ablation can be dangerous for both mother and fetus. • Have known or suspected endometrial carcinoma (uterine cancer) or pre-malignant conditions of the endometrium, such as unresolved hyperplasia. • Have any anatomic or pathologic condition in which weakness of the myometrium could exist, such as history of previous classical cesarean section or transmural myomectomy. • Have active genital or urinary tract infections at the time of the procedure (e.g., cervicitis, vaginitis, endometritis, salpingitis, or cystitis). • Have an intrauterine device (IUD) in place. • Have a uterine cavity length less than 4 cm. (The minimum length of the electrode array is 4 cm; treatment of a shorter uterine cavity will result in thermal injury to the endocervical canal). • Have active pelvic inflammatory disease.

27. Hysterectomy • History of • Excessive bleeding evidenced by • Menorrhagia or polymenorrhea • Anemia due to chronic blood loss • Failure of hormonal treatment or contraindication to its use • No current medication that can cause bleeding, or contraindication to stopping • Endometrial sampling performed • No evidence of remediable pathology by one of the following: • SHG • Hysteroscopy • HSG • Consideration of alternate therapies • Assessment of surgical risk from anemia and need for treatment