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FRONTAL TEMPORAL NASAL ETHMOID VOMER BONE MAXILLA MANDIBLE

BONES IN THE HEAD. FRONTAL TEMPORAL NASAL ETHMOID VOMER BONE MAXILLA MANDIBLE. PARIETAL SPHENOID ZYGOMA LACRIMAL INFERIOR CONCHA OCCIPITAL. KEY: WORDS HIGHLIGHTED IN PINK ARE FOR REVISION. KEY: WORDS IN BOXES ARE FOR REVISION. MUSCLES IN THE HEAD. THE PRINCIPLE MUSCLES OF

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FRONTAL TEMPORAL NASAL ETHMOID VOMER BONE MAXILLA MANDIBLE

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  1. BONES IN THE HEAD FRONTAL TEMPORAL NASAL ETHMOID VOMER BONE MAXILLA MANDIBLE PARIETAL SPHENOID ZYGOMA LACRIMAL INFERIOR CONCHA OCCIPITAL KEY: WORDS HIGHLIGHTED IN PINK ARE FOR REVISION

  2. KEY: WORDS IN BOXES ARE FOR REVISION MUSCLES IN THE HEAD

  3. THE PRINCIPLE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD, NECK & SHOULDER FRONTALIS Position – Frontal bones (forehead) Action – To move scalp forward eg, wrinkle, surprise/ raise eyebrows ORBICULARIS OCULI (OCULI – EYE) Position – Around eyes. Where you get eye-bags when you leave your eyes open for a long period of time. Action – It closes the eye lids. Orbicula means shape. Ris means eye. *LevatorPalpebrae is a muscle on the upper eyelid. Its function is to open the eyelid. ORBICULARIS ORIS (ORIS - KISS) Position – Around the mouth. Action – It purses your lips (put lips together) for whistling or to kiss.

  4. THE PRINCIPLE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD, NECK & SHOULDER CONT… MENTALIS Position – On the chin. Action – It lifts the skin on the chin and turns the lower lip outwards. It comes from both sides of the chin. Dimples on chins are because of strong mentalis that are contracted. It is a genetic trait, you either have it or you don’t. PLATYSMA MUSCLE Position – Neck muscle. Located at the front of the neck. Action – Wrinkle skin of the neck for flexibility. BUCCINATOR Position – Cheek. Action – A muscle that pushes your cheek away from your teeth. Sometimes you bite the side of your cheek which is not so fun.

  5. THE PRINCIPLE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD, NECK & SHOULDER CONT… TEMPORALIS Position – Attached to the temporal. Located from temporal to mandible (jaw line) Action –This is to raise and retract the lower jaw. MASSETER MUSCLE Position – From zygomatic arch to the mandible. Action – Raises lower jaw TRAPEZIUS Position – Kite shaped muscle on the upper back. Action – Function is to raise the shoulders and draw them backwards (scapula – shoulder bone)

  6. THE PRINCIPLE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD, NECK & SHOULDER CONT… SPLENIUS CAPITIS Position – Muscle on the back of the neck. Action –Extends the head. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID Position – It’s a rope like muscle running at an angle up the side of the neck. Action – Flexes the head and allows head to turn from side to side. DELTOID Position – Shoulder cap. Action – Draws the arm forward and backward. OCCIPITALIS Position – Fibrous sheet over occipital bone (back of head) Action – Moves scalp backwards.

  7. Arteries Arteries are strong tubes, or vessels, that carry blood from your heart to the rest of your body. Arteries transport blood containing oxygen and nutrients to smaller tubes called arterioles, which then deliver blood to even smaller vessels called capillaries.

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  9. Lymph Nodes Lymph nodes blocks infections by filtering out harmful substances/infections by destroying germs carried in through the lymph fluid. (maintains fluid balance)  What are lymph nodes comprised of? “Princesses Like Perfect Wings” Plasma Lymphocytes Proteins Waste Products

  10. LYMPH NODES TO THE HEAD KEY: WORDS IN BOXES ARE FOR REVISION Parotid gland

  11. BLOOD What is the function of the blood? Protection and Transportation What is blood is comprised off? “PELT” -Plasma -Erythrocytes -Leucocytes -Thrombocytes 

  12. THE SKIN FUNCTIONS

  13. “CorniLuci GranniSpins Germs”

  14. THE SKIN Corneum (CORNI)- the top layer- are keratinised cells that have taken 40 days to travel from the bottom layer of the epidermis. this outer layer resembles a weaved basket and is constantly being shad (dead flakey skin) this process is called Desquamation ( this stops happening as much as you age leaving the skin dull)  Lucidium (LUCI)- layer of transparent cells that allows light to pass through consists of 3/4 rows of dead cells with no nuclei this layer varies in thickness depending on where it is on the body eyes=thin, soles of feet=thick  Granulosum (GRANNI)- theses granular cells are almost dead some still have nuclei and become hard and flat due to the reduction of keratin.  Spinosum (SPINS) -this is an active living layer that contain nuclei  Germativum (GERMS)- a single row of cells that meet the dermis these continual divide to make new cells pushing  the upper layers nearer the skin surface, in tis layer is also cells called melanocytes where melanin is produced and is responsible for giving the skin it colour. the more melanin you have in your skin the darker your skin tone or the easier it is for you tan.The melanocytes react to the UV light creating the melanin and tis acts as a barrier against the light causing the skin to darken. 

  15. Stratum lucidum Stratum germinivatum Subcutaneous layer

  16. CHANGES IN ENVIROMENTAL

  17. Environmental factors • Wind chill factor • Air conditioning • Central heating • Extremes of weather • Exposure to extremes of temperature • Exposure to ultraviolet light causes dehydration, loss of moisture, damage to collagen and elastin fibers which harden, loss of firmness to skin and muscle tone, premature ageing and pigmentation irregularities • All the above affect the skin tissues by leading to dehydration through loss of moisture and encourage premature aging of the skin.

  18. CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE

  19. Lifestyle Factors • Include: • Smoking which leads to poor circulation, congested blocked pores, lack of nutrients and skin discoloration • Drinking which causes dilation of blood capillaries • Lack of a daily skin care regime leads to dehydration, skin sensitivity, broken capillaries and wrinkles. • General health affects the nutrients available to the tissues, prolonged illness may lead to depletion of subcutaneous fat, dehydration, wrinkles, loss of skin tone and dark circles • Poor diet leads to lack of minerals and nutrients which leads to dry, dehydrated skin tissues • Natural ageing results in contours dropping, expression lines/wrinkles, decrease in collagen and sebum production, increase in pigmentation irregularities and superfluous hair growth • Hereditary factors include how muscles are attached to skin tissue and bone structure, decline in cellular reproduction varies with individuals, hormonal imbalances affect moisture content pigmentation and hair growth • Stress can affect skin tissues causing frown lines, wrinkles, dark circles, dry, dehydrated skin with areas of sensitivity

  20. CHANGES IN OLD AGE

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