TOWARDS INFRASTRUCTURE RISK REDUCTION IN DISASTER-PRONE AREAS Laura Acquaviva

1. TOWARDS INFRASTRUCTURE RISK REDUCTION IN DISASTER-PRONE AREAS Laura Acquaviva Washington - April 2007

2. NEW DEVELOPMENT MODALITIES CALL FOR EFFICIENT SERVICES SERVICE AVAILABILITY ALLOWS ACTIVITIES TO BE DEVELOPED BASED ON COMPARATIVE AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES... and today, competitiveness is key to development in Latin America THEN: SERVICES NOT ONLY SUPPORT QUALITY OF LIFE,BUT ALSO ACCOUNT FOR DEVELOPMENTFACILITATORS THEY MUST BE SAFE, EFFICIENT AND ENSURE OPERATION UNDER EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

3. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OR FACILITIES Infrastructures that articulate city operation, the availability of which is strategic in case of emergencies or natural disasters Any negative impact on them implies boosting the initial impact of disasters and conditioning the security of the population • Specific structures, disabling of which may have a catastrophic impact. • Emergency facilities the operation of which is also essential for daily activities. • Structures subject to massive use, failure of which might result in a high number of deaths and injuries. • Facilities necessary for provision of strategic services like health care, education and security.

4. Which is the main critical infrastructure? • SCHOOLS • HOSPITALS • UNIVERSITIES • EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS CENTERS • HIGHWAYS • WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY SERVICES • ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY AND COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES

5. HOWEVER, THERE ARE EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT CONDITION THE SECURITY, QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS SERVICES ARE SUBJECT TO VARIOUS HAZARDS AND THREATS, AND SHOW VULNERABILITY LEVELS (WEAKNESSES) THAT NEED TO BE ASSESSED AND REDUCED

6. In a global context POORLY ADAPTED DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES CONTRIBUTE TO THE OCCURRENCE OF DISASTERS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN… The impact of the disasters occurred over the last three decades prove that the development process has failed to account for existing limitations… which is also true for the INFRASTRUCTURE sector

7. ?WHAT HAS HAPPENED? DISASTER DAMAGE Over 500% Damage and loss in monetary terms have risen steadily from the 1960s to date. Over 600% Only for hydrometeorological phenomena This situation has hindered development processes and taken a toll of the various sectors

8. IMPACT ON INFRASTRUCTURE OF RECENT NATURAL DISASTERS IN CENTRAL AMERICA IN A FEW WORDS…

9. LOSS AND DAMAGE BREAKDOWN AFTER STAN STORM IN GUATEMALA

10. IMPACT ON WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION DAMAGE AND LOSSES IN QUETZALS FX rate: USD 1.00 = GTQ 7.50

11. HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE… TOTAL DAMAGE Proving that planning and management fail to include the risk variable

12. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY INFRASTRUCTURE Many components are damaged by various hazards WATER PIPELINES CATCHMENTS INTAKES

13. VULNERABILITY OF THE VARIOUS STRATEGIC INFRASTRUCTURES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE OPERATION OF CITIES HAS BEEN MADE EVIDENT AS WELL AS THE EXISTENCE OF A RISK CONDITION RESULTING FROM POORLY ADAPTED MANAGEMENT MODALITIES THAT FAIL TO ACCOUNT FOR RISK DIMENSION

14. IN THE CURRENT CONTEXT: privatization - nationalization RISK conditions have worsened due to: Lack of service and utilities infrastructure MAINTENANCE Lack or poor diagnosis of services and utilities Lack of RENEWAL of obsolete infrastructure Lack of project customization according to the environment And there’s more to it Investment Deficit PREVENTIVE EXPANSION AND MAINTENANCE In some Latin American cities, disinvestments is over 70% along the concession term (10 years)

15. These disinvestments constants have an impact on • QUALITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE • SERVICES AND UTILITIES • and PRODUCT QUALITY in water supply systems And indirectly on • THE POPULATION • THE ENVIRONMENT • i.e. THEY NOT ONLY TAKE A TOLL DUE TO INEFFICIENCY BUT BECAUSE THEY GENERATE CONDITIONS OF RISK That is neither acknowledged, nor addressed…

16. Improving strategic infrastructure protection is a must and a priority as a key to ensure sustainability of population development and welfare even after occurrence of a disaster HOW?

17. IF THERE IS A RISK, uncertainty is high and a DISASTER may occur, LIFE AND INFRASTRUCTURE MAY BE AFFECTED CONSEQUENTLY, THERE IS AN URGENT NEED TO IMPLEMENT RISK REDUCTION STRATEGIES, PROGRAMS AND MECHANISMS...

18. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE INFRAESTRUCTURAS INFRAESTRUCTURAS INFRAESTRUCTURAS VITALES VITALES VITALES EXPOSURE TO VARIOUS HAZARDS EXPOSICION A EXPOSICION A EXPOSICION A RISK CONDITION DISTINTAS AMENAZAS DISTINTAS AMENAZAS DISTINTAS AMENAZAS PERDIDAS TOTALES DE LA PERDIDAS TOTALES DE LA v v • TOTAL INFRASTRUCTURE LOSS • PARTIAL DAMAGE • COLLATERAL DAMAGE PERDIDAS TOTALES DE LA PERDIDAS TOTALES DE LA v v Al riesgo se Al riesgo se Al riesgo se Al riesgo se INFRAESTRUCTURA INFRAESTRUCTURA INFRAESTRUCTURA INFRAESTRUCTURA Various types of potential effects are associated to risk asocian distintos asocian distintos asocian distintos asocian distintos DA Ñ OS PARCIALES DA Ñ OS PARCIALES v v DA DA Ñ Ñ OS PARCIALES OS PARCIALES tipos de tipos de v v tipos de tipos de afectaci afectaci ó ó n n afectaci afectaci ó ó n n AFECTACION INDIRECTAS AFECTACION INDIRECTAS v v AFECTACION INDIRECTAS AFECTACION INDIRECTAS v v potencial potencial potencial potencial CONSEQUENTLY, RISK MUST CONDITION PROJECT VIABILITY AND RISK REDUCTION MUST BE SET FORTH IN CONCESSION CONTRACTS

19. TOWARDS RISK REDUCTION Sectoral and intersectoral strategies and plans and programs at management level are indispensable • MAIN STRATEGIES Operationalizing strategic infrastructure risk reduction in all regions Addressing the issue through an integral approach associated to land management Assessing the possibility to generate mechanisms like risk transfer to minimize the impact on economies and favor access to funds for rehabilitation

20. TOWARDS RISK REDUCTION At program and plan level A PREVENTION PLAN SETTING GUIDELINES, STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES PROCEDIMIENTOS PROCEDIMIENTOS PROCEDIMIENTOS PROCEDIMIENTOS PROCEDIMIENTOS PROCEDIMIENTOS ACTORS ACTORES ACTORES UN PLAN DE EMERGENCIA QUE POSIBILITE ASIGNAR UN PLAN DE EMERGENCIA QUE POSIBILITE ASIGNAR UN PLAN DE EMERGENCIA QUE POSIBILITE ASIGNAR AN EMERGENCY PLAN ENABLING ROLE ASSIGNMENT TO OPERATE IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS UN PLAN DE EMERGENCIA QUE POSIBILITE ASIGNAR UN PLAN DE EMERGENCIA QUE POSIBILITE ASIGNAR UN PLAN DE EMERGENCIA QUE POSIBILITE ASIGNAR ROLES PARA ACTUAR DURANTE LA EMERGENCIA ROLES PARA ACTUAR DURANTE LA EMERGENCIA ROLES PARA ACTUAR DURANTE LA EMERGENCIA ROLES PARA ACTUAR DURANTE LA EMERGENCIA ROLES PARA ACTUAR DURANTE LA EMERGENCIA ROLES PARA ACTUAR DURANTE LA EMERGENCIA A MITIGATION PLAN TO CONDUCT RISK REDUCTION ORIENTED ACTIONS UN PLAN DE MITIGACION PARA LLEVAR A CABO LAS UN PLAN DE MITIGACION PARA LLEVAR A CABO LAS UN PLAN DE MITIGACION PARA LLEVAR A CABO LAS UN PLAN DE MITIGACION PARA LLEVAR A CABO LAS UN PLAN DE MITIGACION PARA LLEVAR A CABO LAS UN PLAN DE MITIGACION PARA LLEVAR A CABO LAS ACCIONES ORIENTADAS A LA REDUCCION DEL RIESGO ACCIONES ORIENTADAS A LA REDUCCION DEL RIESGO ACCIONES ORIENTADAS A LA REDUCCION DEL RIESGO ACCIONES ORIENTADAS A LA REDUCCION DEL RIESGO ACCIONES ORIENTADAS A LA REDUCCION DEL RIESGO ACCIONES ORIENTADAS A LA REDUCCION DEL RIESGO BUT MOST OF ALL PERO SOBRE TODO PERO SOBRE TODO PERO SOBRE TODO PERO SOBRE TODO PERO SOBRE TODO PERO SOBRE TODO INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IS A MATTER OF PLANNING, MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION, WHICH MUST BE CLEARLY PROVIDED, EVEN IN CONCESSION CONTRACTS CONCESSION HOLDERS Operationalizing RR OPERADORES OPERADORES OPERADORES LA PROTECCION DE LAS INFRAESTRUCTURAS ES LA PROTECCION DE LAS INFRAESTRUCTURAS ES LA PROTECCION DE LAS INFRAESTRUCTURAS ES OPERADORES OPERADORES OPERADORES LA PROTECCION DE LAS INFRAESTRUCTURAS ES LA PROTECCION DE LAS INFRAESTRUCTURAS ES LA PROTECCION DE LAS INFRAESTRUCTURAS ES UN TEMA DE PLANIFICACION, DE UN TEMA DE PLANIFICACION, DE UN TEMA DE PLANIFICACION, DE UN TEMA DE PLANIFICACION, DE UN TEMA DE PLANIFICACION, DE UN TEMA DE PLANIFICACION, DE CONCESIONARIOS CONCESIONARIOS CONCESIONARIOS CONCESIONARIOS CONCESIONARIOS CONCESIONARIOS MANTENIMIENTO Y DE OPERACIÓN LO CUAL MANTENIMIENTO Y DE OPERACIÓN LO CUAL MANTENIMIENTO Y DE OPERACIÓN LO CUAL MANTENIMIENTO Y DE OPERACIÓN LO CUAL MANTENIMIENTO Y DE OPERACIÓN LO CUAL MANTENIMIENTO Y DE OPERACIÓN LO CUAL Operativizando la RR Operativizando la RR Operativizando la RR DEBE ESTAR CLARO INCLUSO EN LOS DEBE ESTAR CLARO INCLUSO EN LOS DEBE ESTAR CLARO INCLUSO EN LOS DEBE ESTAR CLARO INCLUSO EN LOS DEBE ESTAR CLARO INCLUSO EN LOS DEBE ESTAR CLARO INCLUSO EN LOS CONTRATOS DE CONCESION CONTRATOS DE CONCESION CONTRATOS DE CONCESION CONTRATOS DE CONCESION CONTRATOS DE CONCESION CONTRATOS DE CONCESION REGULATORS Setting standards Monitoring – Applying Penalties ORGANISMOS ORGANISMOS ORGANISMOS REGULADORES REGULADORES REGULADORES Dictando norma Dictando norma Dictando norma Controlando Controlando Controlando - - - Sancionando Sancionando Sancionando

21. TOWARDS RISK REDUCTION At technical level, some keys LAYOUT AND LOCATION REQUIREMENTS Properly developed technical specifications and duly regulated, in the case of highways, are in place REQUISITOS DE TRAZADO Y UBICACION REQUISITOS DE TRAZADO Y UBICACION REQUISITOS DE TRAZADO Y UBICACION REQUISITOS DE TRAZADO Y UBICACION The eligible layout alternative for road or bridge infrastructure is TO AVOID: • Seismic faults • Liquefaction areas • Unprotected landslide areas • Flood prone areas • Wetlands • Areas prone to severe erosion CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS CRITERIOS PARA PROYECTOS VIALES CRITERIOS PARA PROYECTOS VIALES TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS REQUISITOS TECNICOS REQUISITOS TECNICOS REQUISITOS TECNICOS REQUISITOS TECNICOS Slope leveling out Topsoil-based protection Surface runoff diversion Covering surface with plants Masonry walls Grassing over Watching embankment slopes Securing drainage Securing retaining walls Estabilizar taludes Estabilizar taludes Protección con tierra vegetal Protección con tierra vegetal Desvío de la escorrentía superficial Desvío de la escorrentía superficial Revestimiento con plantas Revestimiento con plantas Muros de mampostería Muros de mampostería Engramado Engramado ... ... Cuidar pendientes en los terraplenes Cuidar pendientes en los terraplenes Garantizar los drenajes Garantizar los drenajes Garantizar muros de contención Garantizar muros de contención

22. METHODOLOGIES TO ASSESS HIGHWAY VULNERABILITY AND RISK In order to define a vulnerability indicator that integrates both factors, a two-level analysis has been used as a benchmark: * segment level The general conditions of the highway system and some socio-economic organization conditions are specified at the macro level *point level The particular components of the highway network, like engineering work and protections are defined at this level

23. CRITERIA FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTS TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS • FOR STORAGE TANKS • Plan on power plants with greater capacity • Flexible connections for pumps, suction chambers and pipes • Plan for rainwater drains • Guarantee anti-seismic supporting structures • FOR CATCHMENTS • Plan for catchment structure protection • Design an alternate water source • Avoid building catchments in landslide areas • FOR TREATMENT PLANTS • Guarantee the necessary protections • Provide for an emergency bypass, if necessary

24. Yet, a step forward to purely technical solutions needs to be taken towards the following matters: • STRATEGIC • SECTORAL • INSTITUTIONAL - INTERINSTITUTIONAL • REGULATORY • RESOURCE-RELATED Ensuring an intersectoral and interinstitutional nature INTEGRAL PERSPECTIVE AND COOPERATIVE AND INTEGRATING INTERVENTION