Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

1. Chapter 1The Human Body: An Orientation

2. Define anatomyand physiology. Anatomy • Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology • Study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. Explain how anatomy and physiology are related • Anatomy has to do with the names and relationships of the structures of the body and physiology is how those structures work.Which of the following is an example of applied physiology:      a. measuring the length of the femur on a fetus using ultrasound      b. locating an injury to a tendon in the shoulder using CT imaging      c. describing the process of how a toxin interferes with nerve impulse conduction      d. identifying the types of cells found in a biopsy sample of lung tissue

4. Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related. • Chemical : Atoms & Molecules • Cellular : Cells are made up of molecules • Tissue: Tissues consist of similar types of cells • Organ: Organs are made up of different typesof tissues • Organ System: Organ systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely • Organism: Human organisms are made up of manyorgan systems

5. Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Epithelialtissue Smoothmuscletissue Bloodvessel(organ) Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems Cardio-vascularsystem Connectivetissue Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely Levels of Structural Organization

6. Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each system.Classify by organ system all organs discussed. 1. Integumentary 7. Lymphatic 2. Skeletal 8. Respiratory 3. Muscular 9. Digestive • Nervous 10. Urinary • Endocrine 11. Reproductive • Cardiovascular

7. Integumentary Functions • Forms the external bodycovering • Protects deeper tissue frominjury • Helps regulate body temperature • Location of cutaneousnerve receptors Figure 1.2a

8. Skeletal • Functions • Protects and supportsbody organs • Provides muscleattachment for movement • Site of blood cellformation • Stores minerals Figure 1.2b

9. Muscular • Functions • Produces movement • Maintains posture • Produces heat Figure 1.2c

10. Nervous • Function • Fast-acting controlsystem • Responds to internal andexternal change • Activates muscles andglands Figure 1.2d

11. Endocrine • Function • Secretes regulatoryhormones • Growth • Reproduction • Metabolism Figure 1.2e

12. Cardiovascular • Function • Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Wastes Figure 1.2f

13. Lymphatic • Function • Returns fluids to blood vessels • Cleanses the blood • Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

14. Respiratory • Function • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

15. Digestive • Function • Breaks down food • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood • Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

16. Urinary • Function • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes • Maintains acid-base balance • Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j

17. Reproductive • Function • Produces offspring Figure 1.2k–l

18. Verbally describe or demonstrate the anatomical position. • The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward.

19. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes. • Superior/Inferior • Ventral/dorsal • Medial/Lateral • Proximal/ Distal SEE BELOW FOR DETAILS

20. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes. Figure .5a

21. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes. • A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts • A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts • A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts • A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts SEE BELOW FOR DIAGRAMS

22. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes.

23. Body Directions

24. Body Directions

25. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes.

26. Locate the major body cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity. • Dorsal body cavity • Cranial cavity houses the brain • Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord • Ventral body cavity • Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others • Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs

27. Locate the major body cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity.

28. Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues

29. Define cell • 1. The structural, functional and biological unit of all organisms. • 2. An autonomous self-replicating unit that may exist as functional independent unit of life (as in the case of unicellularorganism), or as sub-unit in a multicellularorganism (such as in plants and animals) that is specialized into carrying out particular functions towards the cause of the organism as a whole. • 3. A membrane bound structure containing biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides

30. Define organelle. • Literally, the term means "little organs". As the body is composed of various organs, the cell, too, has "little organs" that perform special functions. They are membrane-bound compartments or structures of a cell.

31. Define inclusion. • are non-living substances that may or may not be present in a cell, depending on the cell type. Inclusions are stored nutrients, secretory products, and pigment granules. • Examples of inclusions are glycogen granules in the liver and muscle cells, lipid droplets in fat cells, pigment granules in certain cells of skin and hair, water containing vacuoles, and crystals of various types.

32. Identify on a cell model or diagram the three major cell regions (nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane).

33. List the structures of the nucleus and explain the function of chromatin and nucleoli. • Nuclear envelope (membrane) • Nucleolus: Sites of ribosome assembly • Chromatin: Composed of DNA and protein, Present when the cell is not dividing, Scattered throughout the nucleus, Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

34. Identify the organelles on a cell model or describe them, and discuss the major function of each.

35. Mitochondria • “Powerhouses” of the cell • Change shape continuously • Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food • Provides ATP for cellular energy

36. Ribosomes • Made of protein and RNA • Sites of protein synthesis • Found at two locations • Free in the cytoplasm • As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

37. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances • Two types of ER • Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Studded with ribosomes • Synthesizes proteins • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum • Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

38. Golgi apparatus • Modifies and packages proteins • Produces different types of packages • Secretory vesicles • Cell membrane components • Lysosomes

39. Lysosomes • Lysosomes • Contain enzymes that digest worn-out or nonusable materials within the cell

40. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Peroxisomes • Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes • Detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde • Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals) • Replicate by pinching in half

41. Peroxisomes • Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes • Detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde • Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals) • Replicate by pinching in half

42. Cytoskeleton • Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm • Provides the cell with an internal framework Figure 3.7a

43. Centrioles • Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules • Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

44. Define selective permeability, selective permeability • The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others • This permeability influences movement both into and out of the cell

45. Define diffusion Diffusion • Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution • Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient

46. Define Simple diffusion • An unassisted process; Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores • Define Osmosis— • simple diffusion of water; Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins

47. Define facilitated diffusion • Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport • Transports lipid-insoluble and large substances

48. Describe plasma membrane structure and explain how the various transport processes account for the directional movements of specific substances across the plasma membrane.

49. Explain how the various transport processes account for the directional movements of specific substances across the plasma membrane. • Passive Transport: See diffusion above • Active Transport: • Solute Pumping • Exocytosis • Endocytosis SEE DETAILS BELOW

50. Solute Pumping • Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carriers called solute pumps; ATP energizes protein carriers; In most cases, substances are moved against concentration gradients