FEM 3335 Good Governance and Sustainability

1. FEM 3335Good Governance and Sustainability Assoc Prof Dr Sharifah Norazizan Syed Abd Rashid, APPM Department of Social & Development Science Faculty of Human Ecology Universiti Putra Malaysia sharifah@putra.upm.edu.my

2. Content • Sustainability and Good Governance • Characteristics of Good Governance • Innovative Management • Assessment Technique to Achieve Sustainability • Sustainable Planning Technique

3. Sustainability and Good Governance • Sustainability cannot be achieved without good governance. The Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 stated that governance and sustainable development are intimately tied together and the future role of institutions, from local to international levels, will be crucial determinants to whether future policies and programs for sustainable development will succeed. • The traditional systems of regulations are being subjected to growing pressure for reform. All stakeholders including the government need to play a significant, if changed, role in the future. Sustainable development requires this change.

4. Sustainability and Good Governance • Such an intra- and intergenerational concept cannot be achieved with a top-down approach, but rather needs the participation of all. In fact, the governance of sustainable development requires the exploration of new forms of both social co-operation and confrontation. By doing so, the different levels (global and local), players (state, company and civil society), control structures (hierarchy, market and public-private) and fields of action need to be taken into consideration. • There is thus the need to examine the possibilities of integrating the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainable development within the framework of governance processes and how that might steer societies towards sustainability.

5. The Different Levels of Governance • International level • National level • Government • Private sector • Civil society • Local level • Family level • New Challenge of the Century – The Changing Roles of the Government, Private Sectors, NGOs and the Community

6. Definition of Governance Definition of Good Governance Concept and Elements of Good Governance Characteristics of Good Governance What is Meant by Good Governance?

7. A PROCESS NOT equivalent to government It involves multiple stakeholders in society (in multiple roles) Individuals Members of community/groups with specific groups interest and concerns Sectoral entities with sectoral interests and concerns The whole society What is Governance

8. Striking a BALANCE in attending to and providing for the needs and interests of its multiple stakeholders SAFEGUARDING the interest of the WHOLE Governance is about… STEERING SOCIETY TOWARDS A SPECIFIC AGREED VISION OR GOAL

9. Governance can be seen as the exercise of economic, political, and administrative authority to manage a country’s affairs at all level. It comprises the mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizen and groups articulate their rights and interests, exercise their legal means to meet their obligations and mediate their differences (UNDP) What is meant by Governance?

10. The manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development World Bank The exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage a country’s affairs at all levels … equitable, rule of law, with consensus UNDP DEFINING GOVERNANCE

11. “Governance”- how power is shared and distributed to generate a better quality of life People Development Equitable Access Indigenous Content Development Pressures for Change Key issues

12. Pressure for Change Information Revolution And ICT Convergence = Knowledge explosion Globalized economy Shrinking resources Rise of Third Sector Government Environmental degradation Private Sector Informed citizenry Community

13. What are some of the Challenges?

14. Not just representative but fully participatory affording opportunities for people to express their voice, opinion and make choices; Must be dynamic and changing but the core values do not get diminished; Must not be a separate entity but a continuum of the civil society; What does a good Government should be?

15. Allows full participation, uphold visions and values of its peoples, translate them into policies and allocate resources to convert policy into reality; Should be open and not closed; Must be people friendly and human; Uphold public interest

16. ANY GOVERNMENT WHICH HAS THE ABOVE CHARACTERISTICS CAN BE CONSIDERED AS PRACTICING GOOD GOVERNANCE.

17. Good Governance is among other things, participatory, transparent and accountable. It is also effective and equitable and it promotes the Rule of Law. Good governance ensures that political, social and economic priorities are based on broad consensus in society and that the voice of the poorest and the most vulnerable are heard in decision making over the allocation of development processes. What is Good Governance?

18. Participant Rule of law Transparency Responsiveness Consensus orientation Equity Effectiveness and efficiency Accountability Strategic vision Refer : PRINCIPLES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE.docx Nine Characteristics/Principles of Good Governance

19. The Concept Governance encompasses the state, but it transcends the state by including the private sector and civil society organizations. The private sector covers private enterprise (manufacturing, trade banking, cooperatives and so on) and the informal sector in the market place. Civil society, lying between the individual and the state, comprises individuals and groups (organized or unorganized) interacting socially, politically and economically, regulated by formal and informal rules and laws. The Concept and Element of Good Governance

20. The Concept of Good Governance normally encompasses a large range of concerns, including the effectiveness of institutional arrangements, decision making processes, policy formulation, implementation capacity, information flows, and the nature of the relationship between rulers and the ruled. It involves a comprehensive view of the government decision making process.

21. 2. The Element Two Aspects To Governance The formal structure within which the local governments operate, and The ways in which local governments act in relation to the wider community An essential element of good governance in the context of the ways in which local authorities relate to their communities is ‘inclusiveness

22. Implies a participatory and an inclusive approach to the community at large. It implies a bottom up approach to decision making, having all concerned people at every level of government and non governmental organizations. A good governance system is a democratic system – it is participatory, transparent, accountable, equitable, and it promotes the rule of law. This implies the creation of an institutional framework recognizing the legitimacy the will of the people. Good Governance

23. Governance is a process that has a goal The governance process is based on PEOPLE via human networks or institutions (formal or informal) How the human networks /institutions participate in or carry out the process of governance is how governance is usually assessed (i.e., ‘good’ vs ‘bad’ governance) Assessing Governance

24. Governance is the exercise of authority and participation of citizen in policy making process. Governance fulfill the following 4 function: Policy making and implementation; Perform regulatory actions; Produce goods and services; Provide public access to goods and services For Governance to be GOOD, the state must not only perform the above functions effectively but must ensure that citizens are able to participate in the decision making process. GOOD VERSUS BAD GOVERNANCE

25. ASSESSING THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO GOVERNANCE

26. Elements: Government leads Hierarchical model Centralized decision-making Top-down processes Authority and influence based on positions of power within the hierarchy Information flow limited and controllable (mostly 1 way communication) Transparency on a need to know basis Traditional Approach to Governance Government Private Sector Community

27. A Smart-Partnership-based Governance Approach M= The Marginalized Governance Process Community Sustaining and Improving Quality of Life M M Public Preserving Rule of Law Maintaining Order, Ensuring Social, Economic Justice Private Creating Value The WHOLE Greater Than the sum of its parts M

28. Integrated and holistic Premised upon knowledge and expertise as a source of authority and influence Prioritizes communication & info-sharing transparency, shared accountability, mutual respect and trust Leverages on partnership that focuses on better quality of life for all as the end of goal Ideal characteristics of the alternative approach

29. Local Governance in Malaysia – Problems Getting less attention and prominence Supposed to work for people instead takes orders from higher authority Failed to understand the problems, needs and aspirations of the local people. How to best handle the process of ‘opening-up’ to ensure justice for all

30. Lack of authority and autonomy Staff lack motivation and commitment to serve Lack efficiency – red tapes and bureaucracy Lack motivation where problem solving is based on ‘std’ procedure and little room for innovation Problems encountered by Local Government

31. The old public management bureacratic style, ineffective management ↓ The new public management: market-driven approach, effective management, social disappointments ↓ Good governance new syntesis and maturity - aimed to reach sustainable growth and public sector efficiency, as well as citizens satisfaction and social welfare Public Management: Evolutions and Changes

32. Continuous processes -- planning-implementation-evaluation-feedback, etc. technical process -- multi disciplinary actors political decision making process -- multi stakeholders (public-private-community-mass media) Participation-transparency-equity-accountability, etc. Urban Management -the process of good governance

33. Political support & commitment public-private-community participation Supporting resources law & regulation organization human resources finance Leadership to do the right thing Urban Management : the input -- institutions

34. External / global forces borderless world, rapid changes, high uncertainty, etc. Internal / local pressures local needs, local culture, etc. Urban Management the forces -- globalization

35. How to manage the institutional system => sustainable economically, socially, culturally, and environmentally legal organization human resources finance UM to Reach Sustainability:the institutional system

36. Local governance must change to keep pace with development and time Local authority must be at par with others with the advancement of technology, local bureaucrats could not longer hide behind red tapes for the inefficiency and inability to deliver a certain standard of services to the people. Conclusion

37. Conclusions • Today, there is almost full concensus among social stakeholders:modern public management requires implementation of good governance principles. • Good goivernance is a policy approach aimed to increase public sector efficiency and citizens satisfaction from having responsible and commited government. • Good governance in global context: require learning and sharing knowledge and practices among scientists, policymakers, practitioners, NGOs from many countries.

38. Discussion • What do you think good governance is when you hear that expression in everyday life? • Compare and contrast on the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional and new approach to governance.

39. Sharifah Norazizan Syed Abd Rashidet al (2002) “Cities in the 21st Century : Urban Issues and Challenges”, Penerbit UPM Patsy Healey et al (1995) “Managing Cities : The New Urban Context” John Wiley and Sons. http://www.uneca.org/itca/governance/Governance.htm http://www.iog.ca/ http://www.hcmripa.gov.in/ggovern.html 47 Reference:

40. Thank You