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Lecture 22 Crusades II

Lecture 22 Crusades II. Dr. Ann T. Orlando 22 October 2013. Introduction. Subsequent crusading movements Religious orders Internal crusade – the Inquisition . Second Crusade (1145-1149). Turks recaptured Edessa and threaten Holy Land St. Bernard of Clairvaux preached this crusade,

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Lecture 22 Crusades II

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  1. Lecture 22 Crusades II Dr. Ann T. Orlando 22October 2013 SJS

  2. Introduction • Subsequent crusading movements • Religious orders • Internal crusade – the Inquisition SJS

  3. Second Crusade (1145-1149) • Turks recaptured Edessa and threaten Holy Land • St. Bernard of Clairvaux preached this crusade, • Primarily German (HRE) and French troops • Offered same plenary indulgence as Urban II and First Crusade • Discouraged attacks on Jews in Rhineland • Military disaster in East • Crusading armies from France and Germany not coordinated, distrustful of each other and Byzantines • Did not win back Edessa • Attacked but did not take Damascus; attacked but did not conquer Egypt • Result: union of Syria and Egypt against the Western Crusaders SJS

  4. Third Crusade (1187-1192) • Because of unified Syria and Egypt, Muslims under Saladin were able to retake Jerusalem in 1187 • Saladin made it a point not to engage in same kind of blood-bath as First Crusade • King’s Crusade • Richard I (Lionhearted) of England • Phillip II of France • Fredrick Barbarossa of HRE • Military stalemate • Crusaders manage to hold onto Acre, but could not retake Jerusalem • Richard negotiates a peace with Saladin guaranteeing safety of Christian pilgrims • On his way home, Richard imprisoned by Germans, eventually ransomed SJS

  5. Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) • Intended to recapture Jerusalem • Preached by Pope Innocent III • Ignored by most kings and rulers • Encouraged by Venetians and Genoese • An unruly mob of Western mercenaries sail to Constantinople • In spite of Innocent III threatening to excommunicate anyone who molests Constantinople, city is attacked and taken • Three day horrendous sack, rape, murder, pillage, wonton destruction • Many artifacts (horses in St. Mark’s Sq in Venice) and relics (St. John Chrysostom and St. Gregory Nazianzus) end up in St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome • Venetians and Genoese rule Constantinople until Byzantines win it back in 1261 SJS

  6. Impact of Fourth Crusade and Sack of Constantinople • Confirmed the worst fears of Eastern Christians about Western (Christian) barbarians • Resentment by Orthodox Christians lasts to today • Apologizing for Sack is a part of John Paul II effort to bring the two lungs of Christianity closer together • The relics of John Chrysostom and Gregory Nazianzus were returned in 2004 • The Fourth Crusade was the last crusade sanctioned by the papacy SJS

  7. Later Eastern Crusades • Children’s Crusade of 1212; adolescent and pre-teenage children went to Holy Land and were slaughtered or taken as slaves; led by 10 year olds • Fifth Crusade, 1217-1221, led by Austrians and Hungarians • Sixth Crusade, 1228-1229, led by HRE Fredrick II; briefly retook Jerusalem • Seventh and Eighth Crusade, 1248-1254, led by King Louis IX of France (later proclaimed saint) who was taken captive and eventually ransomed • Acre falls in 1291 SJS

  8. Western Crusade: Reconquista • 711: The Muslim conquest of Iberia begins. • 721: Charles Martel wins Battle of Tours • 800: Charlemagne completes the reconquest of all of today's southern French territory and the Pyrenees • 914: Completion of the reconquest of the north-west. • 1085: Toledo reconquered by Castilian forces. • 1147: Lisbon and most of Portugal retaken • 1236: Half of Iberia has been reconquered by the Christians. • 1300s and 1400s: Continuing slow push of Spanish forces south led by Castile and Aragon. • 1492: Victorious Ferdinand and Isabel, Treaty of Granada completes the Reconquista. • NB Parts of Spain were Muslim longer than they have been Christian (so far) SJS

  9. Impact of Crusades Within Europe • ‘Crusades’ against Jews • Crusading Orders • Inquisition • The Western Front: reconquest of Spain SJS

  10. ‘Crusades’ against Jews • Some took call to take up arms against enemies of Christianity as license to persecute Jews in Europe • Especially horrendous during the First Crusade in Rhineland • Mob of Christians rampage against Jews • Large Jewish populations in Mainz and other towns destroyed • In large measure a way to ‘get back’ at Jewish financiers • Same thing occurs during Second Crusade • Bernard of Clairvaux goes to Mainz and convinces leaders of mobs to cease • Bishops often tried to protect Jews from local mobs • Pope Calixtus II issues SicutJadaeis in 1120 • Jews have right to property • Jews should not be forced to convert • Jews can conduct their own religious services • Violation carries excommunication SJS

  11. Monasticism: Citeaux • Reform of Cluny: Cistercians • Founded by Robert Molesme at Citeaux 1099 • Return to strict adherence to Benedict’s Rule; work equal with prayer and study • Each monastery independent; that is, each had its own abbot • More severe artistic style • Bernard of Clairvaux most famous Cistercian (1090-1153) • Modern day Trappists; Spencer, MA. SJS

  12. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) • Established Cistercian monastery at Clairvaux • Opposed Peter Abelard (1078-1142): I must understand in order that I might believe • Opposed Cluny-type monasticism as being too interested in worldly beauty and pleasure • Preached the Second Crusade (1144) • Wrote very length commentary on Song of Songs in which he refers to both Gregory of Nyssa and Origen; highly allegorical • Special devotion to Mary • Encouraged mysticism that moved away from physical; apophatic SJS

  13. Crusading Orders • Knights Templar • Hospitallers of St John • Knights of Malta • Teutonic Knights SJS

  14. Sad Tale of Templars • Founded after capture of Jerusalem by First Crusade • c 1119 to protect pilgrims from bands of Muslim robbers in Holy Land • Rule of life written by Bernard of Clairvaux • Called ‘Templars’ because they lived on Temple Mount in Jerusalem • Became very wealthy and powerful with vast landholdings in Europe • Out of greed and fear, King Philip IV (the Fair) of France convinced Pope Clement V (an Avignon Pope) to condemn Templars for heresy and suppress the order • Friday Oct 13, 1307 Grand Master and Knights throughout Europe arrested • Executed by being burnt at stake following March • Property in France became property of crown • Property elsewhere in Europe given to papacy SJS

  15. The Internal Crusade: The Inquisition • Starts as Church opposition to Albingensian (Cathars) in Southern France • Similar to (a type of?) Manichaeism • Spread with Muslim invasions through Spain • 1208 Innocent III declares ‘crusade’ against Albingensians • Barons and bishops of northern France mount bloody and successful conquest of Southern France • Asks St. Dominic • 1233 Inquisition established to find heretics • Both a religious and a political institution • Remember: political and religious unity not distinguished • Example: St. Jean D’Arc executed by English Inquisition (1431) SJS

  16. The Church Reflects on Inquisition • Tertio Milennio Advente 35 • Another painful chapter of history to which the sons and daughters of the Church must return with a spirit of repentance is that of the acquiescence given, especially in certain centuries, to intolerance and even the use of violence in the service of truth. • It is true that an accurate historical judgment cannot prescind from careful study of the cultural conditioning of the times… SJS

  17. Assignments • The Sack of Constantinople, available athttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/choniates1.html SJS

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