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Endometriosis

Endometriosis. R. Jeffrey Chang, M.D. Department of Reproductive Medicine UCSD School of Medicine La Jolla, California. Commercial Disclosures (9.9.06). Entity Activity Wyeth Research funding Serono Research support Takeda Research support Berlex Research support.

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Endometriosis

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  1. Endometriosis R. Jeffrey Chang, M.D. Department of Reproductive Medicine UCSD School of Medicine La Jolla, California

  2. Commercial Disclosures(9.9.06) Entity Activity Wyeth Research funding Serono Research support Takeda Research support Berlex Research support

  3. Learning Objectives • Identify the symptoms and consequences associated with endometriosis • Describe various treatment options in the management of endometriosis

  4. Definition • Endometriosis is a disease in which endometrial glands and stroma implant and grow in areas outside the uterus • Most commonly implants are found in the pelvis • Lesions may occur at distant sites: pleural cavity, liver, kidney, gluteal muscles, bladder, etc

  5. Features of Endometriosis • Prevalence 2-50% of women; 21-47% of infertility cases • Exposure to ovarian hormones appears to be essential • No known racial or socioeconomic predilection • Severe disease may occur in families

  6. Is Endometriosis Increasing? • 1965-1984, endometriosis rose from 10 to 19% as primary indication for hysterectomy • Simultaneously, a trend of more conservative therapies was occurring, which suggests a true increase in the incidence • Theories include delay of childbearing, less use of OCs, and exposure to environmental toxins such as dioxin

  7. Etiologies of Endometriosis • Sampson's theory: Retrograde menses and peritoneal implantation • Most women retrograde menstruate • Meyer's theory: Coelomic metaplasia • Low incidence of pleural disease • Halban's theory: Hematogenous or lymphatic spread to distant tissues • Does not explain gravity dependent disease sites • Immunogenic defect

  8. Normal Pelvic Structures

  9. Endometriosis

  10. Endometriosis

  11. Endometriosis

  12. Endometriosis

  13. Classification of Endometriosis Stage II (Mild) Stage I (Minimal) 4* 9 Stage IV (Severe) Stage III (Moderate) 29 114 * Revised AFS Score

  14. Clinical Presentation • Pelvic pain • Infertility • Pelvic mass

  15. Pelvic Pain • Frequency • Cyclic: Variable length prior to and after menses • Acyclic: constant and unrelenting • Associated activities • May include dyspareunia, dysuria, or dyschezia • Other sites of pain • Muscle regions • Distant tissues

  16. Infertility • Moderate to severe disease • Adhesions • Distortion of normal anatomy • Prevent sperm-egg interaction • Minimal to mild disease • Mild infertility • Mechanism(s) unknown

  17. Physical Findings • Tender nodules along the uterosacral ligaments or in the cul-de-sac, especially just before menses • Pain or induration without nodules commonly in the cul-de-sac or rectovaginal septum • Uterine or adnexal fixation, or an adnexal mass

  18. Diagnosis of Endometriosis • Direct visualization of implants • Laparoscopically • Conscious pain mapping • Imaging of endometriomas • MR appears to be best (3 mm implants) • Ultrasound helpful in office setting • Biochemical markers • Lack specificity

  19. Endometriosis

  20. Endometriosis

  21. Endometriosis

  22. Ultrasound of Endometrioma

  23. MR of Endometrioma

  24. Endometrioma

  25. Treatment of Endometriosis • Management of pain • Surgery • Medical therapy • Treatment of infertility • Surgery • Ovulation induction • Assisted reproductive technology

  26. Management of Pain • Surgical treatment • Ablation of endometrial implants • Lysis of adhesions • Ablation of uterosacral nerves • Resection of endometriomas • Combined surgical and medical treatment

  27. Endometriosis

  28. Removal of Endometriosis

  29. Dissection of an Endometrioma Ovary Incision Tube Removal Result

  30. Treatment of Pain • Medical management (ovarian suppression, removal of estrogen) • Oral contraceptives, progestin, danazol • GnRH agonist with add-back • Alternating GnRH agonist and OCs • Aromatase inhibitors

  31. Medical Treatment Ovary Estrogen Endometriosis Tissue

  32. Medical Treatment Progestin Ovary Estrogen Endometriosis Tissue Oral contraceptives Danazol GnRH agonists

  33. Role of Estrogen in Endometriosis Estrogen

  34. Role of Estrogen in Endometriosis Estrogen Cell growth

  35. Role of Estrogen in Endometriosis Aromatase Estrogen Cell growth

  36. Role of Estrogen in Endometriosis Aromatase PGE2 Cytokines Estrogen Cell growth

  37. Aromatase In Endometriosis • Aromatase is key for the biosynthesis of estrogen • In patients aromatase expression is higher in endometriosis tissue than in normal endometrium • In endometriosis tissue aromatase activity is stimulated by prostaglandin • Estrogen synthesized by endometriotic tissue stimulates growth of lesions

  38. Role of Estrogen in Endometriosis Aromatase Inhibitors • Letrozole • Exemestane • Anastrozole Aromatase PGE2 Cytokines Estrogen Cell growth

  39. Role of Estrogen in Endometriosis Aromatase Inhibitors • Letrozole • Exemestane • Anastrozole • Danazol Aromatase PGE2 Cytokines Estrogen Cell growth

  40. Treatment of Infertility • Removal of disease • Surgery improve conception rates at all stages • Ovulation induction • Gonadotropins with ovarian suppression • Insemination with either clomiphene or FSH • Medical suppression of ovarian function • No benefit • Assisted reproductive technology

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