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Revolution and Nationalism

1900-1939 Chapter 14. Revolution and Nationalism. Revolutions in Russia. Setting the Stage. Long-term social unrest in Russia exploded in revolution. Russian government. Russia was ruled by a Czar (Tsar); which means emperor

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Revolution and Nationalism

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  1. 1900-1939 Chapter 14 Revolution and Nationalism

  2. Revolutions in Russia

  3. Setting the Stage • Long-term social unrest in Russia exploded in revolution

  4. Russian government • Russia was ruled by a Czar (Tsar); which means emperor • The Czars came from the Romanov family, which ruled Russia for three centuries • The Czar exercised autocratic rule: czar had absolute authority

  5. Russian government (cont’d) • Czar Alexander III imposed censorship on all written documents, • Secrete police watched schools and universities • Political prisoners were sent to Siberia • New and revolutionary ideas were not allowed

  6. Social order in Russia • Most Russians were peasants • Peasants were emancipated from serfdom in 1861, however • Nobles owned the land • Peasants had to lease equipment and land from nobles • Peasants were heavily taxed • They were poor

  7. Social order in Russia (cont’d) • Russia was not as industrialized as other nations • It DID have industry; factories • Horrible working conditions • Low wages • Child labor • Government outlawed unions

  8. Social order in Russia (cont’d) • Violence against groups such as Jews • Police and soldiers just stood by as people attacked Jewish people • Minority groups were oppressed in Russia • Use of languages other than Russian was forbidden in schools

  9. Social order in Russia (cont’d) • Huge gap between the rich (the nobles) and the poor • Little to none opportunity for upward mobility

  10. Reign of Nicholas II, last Czar • Czar Nicholas II continued the previous Czars’ tradition of autocratic rule Czar Nicholas II became increasingly disliked by the people because:

  11. Russia loses the Russo-Japanese War • Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) between Russia and Japan over Manchuria and Korea • -Russia was defeated by Japan • Unrest at home

  12. Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905 • January 22, 1905: 200,000 workers and their families took a petition asking for better working conditions, more freedom, and an elected national legislature • The Czar’s generals ordered soldiers to fire on the crowd • 1,000 were wounded; several hundred killed • Bloody Sunday

  13. Reaction to Bloody Sunday • Russian people went on strikes violent uprisings • Czar Nicholas created the Duma • Parliament • Wanted Russia to be a constitutional monarchy • Nicholas dissolved the Duma ten weeks later

  14. The Final Blow: World War I • Russia was not prepared to handle the costs of being in the War • The war revealed to the people the weaknesses of czarist rule • Czar Nicholas went to the front to run the troops himself; left Czarina in charge • She listened to Rasputin

  15. Rasputin • -Alexis (heir)suffered hemophilia. • It seemed Rasputin could make Alexis better/stop the bleeding • Alexandrina was so grateful she allowed him to make political decisions • Rasputin murdered by a group of nobles

  16. The March Revolution • March 1917: women textile workers in Petrograd let a city-wide strike • On the next few days, riots flared up • “Down with autocracy!” and “Down with the war!” • Soldiers eventually sided with the protesters • This became the March Revolution

  17. The end of Czarist rule • Czar Nicholas II abdicated his throne in response to the Revolution • A provisional government was established • Lead by Alexander Kerensky • Kerensky decided to keep Russia fighting in WWI • Socialist revolutionaries formed Soviets: local counsils

  18. The Bolshevik Revolution • Lenin returns to Russia • The German, hoping to stir unrest in Russia (and thus get it out of WWI) helped Lenin return to Russia • Soviets in Petrograd and other major cities were soon controlled by Lenin and his Bolsheviks • Russian people were attracted to the Bolsheviks’ slogan: “Peace, Land, and Bread”

  19. The Bolshevik Revolution • The provisional government topples • The Bolshevik Red Guards stormed Winter Palace in Petrograd ending Kerensky and his colleagues of their short rule

  20. The Bolsheviks in Power • Lenin orders all farmland be distributed among the peasants, gave control of factories to the workers, • Bolsheviks signed a truce, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany ending WWI for Russia • The humiliating terms of the treaty angered many Russians who also objected the Bolsheviks policies and to the murder of the royal family

  21. Civil War in Russia • The White Army is created to oppose the Bolsheviks. Bolsheviks are called the Red Army • The Red Army defeats the White Army even though they were given support by Western governments like the U.S.

  22. Bolsheviks in Power • Red Army defeats the White Army • Lenin is in charge of the government • Renames the Bolshevik party the Communist Party • Country named: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) AKA Soviet Union • Classless society

  23. Stalin Becomes Dictator • Lenin dies of a stroke in 1922 • Many compete for Lenin’s top position; the strongest were Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky • Stalin rose to power within the Party and had Trotsky exiled • Stalin had total command of the Communist Power

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