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Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. Industrialization in Great Britain. Pre-industrial Society Small , rural communities Life revolved around farming Incomes were very low causing malnourishment Disease was common
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Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution Industrialization in Great Britain
Pre-industrial Society • Small, rural communities • Life revolved around farming • Incomes were very low causing malnourishment • Disease was common • People produced the mass of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools • Most manufacturing done in the homes of these people or small shops, using simple tools and machines 1500's-1700's
"Chaff Box" or "Chaff Cutter" 1610-1630 Domestic Lifestyle
Great deposits of coal and iron • Politically stable society • The world’s leading colonial power • Its colonies had a good source of raw materials and served well as a marketplace for manufactured goods. • Demand for British goods increased • Merchants needed more cost-effective methods of production • The rise of mechanization and the factory system Britain
In 1709, coke smelting & production methods for brass and iron goods • Coke smelting replaced charcoal with coal in metal foundries during the process of refining metals • Darby's casting methods made the production of the iron and brass steam engines possible. 1700s Englishman Abraham Darby
The first practical steam engine • Used primarily to pump water out of mines • Scottish inventor James Watt had improved on Newcomen’s work and the steam engine went on to power machinery, locomotives and ships. 1712 Englishman Thomas Newcomen
Invented the Spinning Jenny • a machine that enabled an individual to produce multiple spools of threads at the same time. • By the time of Hargreaves’ death, there were over 20,000 Spinning Jennysin use across Britain. • The spinning jenny was improved upon by British inventor Samuel Compton’s spinning mule, as well as later machines. 1764 Englishman James Hargreaves
Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines. • He realized that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy • Watt introduced a design enhancement 1775James Watts
The power loom, which mechanized the process of weaving cloth 1780s English inventor Edmund Cartwright
The first commercially successful steamboat, and by the mid-19th century, steamships were carrying goods across the Atlantic. Early1800 American Robert Fulton
As steam-powered ships were making their debut, • The steam locomotive was also coming into use • Constructed the first railway steam locomotive. Early 1800s British engineer Richard Trevithick
Developed a new process for road construction • His technique, which became known as macadam, resulted in roads that were smoother, more durable and less muddy. 1820 Scottish engineer John McAdam
In 1830, England’s Liverpool and Manchester Railway became the first to offer regular, timetabled passenger services. • By 1850, Britain had more than 6,000 miles of railroad track. 1830-1852
Communication and Banking Communication and Banking
The rise of banks and industrial financiers • Factory system dependent on owners and managers. • A stock exchange was established in London in the 1770s 1770s
The founder of modern economics • Published “The Wealth of Nations.” • In it, Smith promoted an economic system based on free enterprise, the private ownership of means of production, and lack of government interference. 1776 Scottish social philosopher Adam Smith
Communication became easier during the Industrial Revolution • The first commercial electrical telegraph. 1837 William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone
A telegraphic cable was successfully laid across the Atlantic 1866
Greater volume and variety of factory-produced goods • Raised the standard of living for many people • The middle class • The upper class Early 1800’s
Life for the poor and working classes continued to be filled with challenges • Low wages • Dangerous and tiresome working conditions • Unskilled workers had little job security and were easily replaceable
An estimated 1/5thof the workers in Britain’s textile industry were younger than 15. • craftspeople were replaced by machines. • Children were part of the labor force and often worked long hours and were used for such highly hazardous tasks as cleaning the machinery 1860s
Mid 1800’s Overcrowded housing and polluted, unsanitary living conditions in which disease was widespread.
Conditions for Britain’s working-class began to gradually improve by the later part of the 19th century. • The government instituted various labor reforms • Workers gained the right to form trade unions. Late 1800’s
The British enacted legislation that banded the export of their technology and skillful employees. • However, they had little success. • Industrialization started in Britain and spread to other European countries including Belgium, France, Germany and to the United States. • By the18th century, going into the mid 19 century, industrialization set up throughout the western part of Europe and America’s northeastern region. • Since then the U.S. had become the world’s leading industrial nation in the 20th century.
Germany was a land of political diversity and it was undeveloped compared to Britain because of the division in politics. • The first steps Germany took toward Industrialization is when they sent they’re children to learn through English education in Industrialization. • Germany’s success in industrializing came from Britain importing British workers and machines that taught Germans the ways of the English. • Germans began to build railroads to help the industrialization. • When Germany was finally industrialized, their military power began to strengthen and grow, which then led to Germany becoming military and industrial giants in the late 1800s.
Early 1800's • At the beginning of the 1800s, Germany had 300 odd states. • There were multitudes of tolls and different currencies relevant in each state. • Commerce and business became extremely difficult and expensive to conduct. • Most of the industry and commerce that was in Germany territories were controlled by traditional guilds. • The traditional guilds was heavily opposed to factory construction and unrestricted commerce, thus slowing down the unification of Germany.
For the first time, Germany’s economic entity experienced a so called economic boom after the internal trade barriers were lifted. • Germany’s currency was established, and Germany was able to receive capital for building railroads and other construction. • This caused intense financial speculation, causing Germany stock market to crash in 1873.
Even though the stock market crash and several following periods of economic depression had occured, Germany's economy grew extremely fast. 1900 • By 1900 Germany was able to compete with the more established British economy as the world's largest. • German coal and steel production exceeded British production.
Because industrialization came to Germany much later than it did in Britain, German economy was not significant until the late nineteenth century. • Germany's industrialization began with the building of railroads in the 1840s and 1850s and development of iron, steel and coal mining. • This, so called First Industrial Revolution, was followed by the Second Industrial Revolution, that was the growth of chemical and electrical industries. • Because of great investments into research and development, Germany was producing half the world's electrical equipment, thus becoming the continent's industrial giant. • German population also expanded rapidly, growing from 41.0 million in 1871 to 49.7 million in 1891 and 65.3 million in 1911. • Many cities, including Berlin, tripled or quadrupled in size.
Adolf Hitler 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945 was an Austrian born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party German. • He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. • Hitler was at the centre of Nazi Germany, World War II in Europe, and the Holocaust.
Adolf Hitler believed that Slavs and Jews were responsible for the troubles of Austria and Germany. • In between 1924 and 1929, the years of prosperity and relative stability began in Germany. • Hitler’s main concern was building the Nazi party. • In 1929, the Great Depression began breaking down economic prosperity.
Unemployment increased from 1.3 million to 5 million and industrial production dropped by one-half. • The economic crisis Germany was facing contributed to Hitler’s rise to power. • Hitler’s promise of “work and bread”, was announce. He launched a enormous public works program and lifted Germany out of depression by building superhighways, offices, sports stadiums and public housing, even though most government usually began to concentrate on the military. • After the Allies won the war in 1945, the country's economy was shattered. • Whatever survived was taken by the Allies.
Germany was able to rise again now receiving strong support from the European Recovery Program, known as Marshall Plan, production for Korean War, and German readiness to work hard for low wages
Germany Modernize • Now up until today, Germany has one of the world's biggest economies and most influential or controlled central banks. • Germany's success and influence is due to its currency. • The deutsche mark gave West Germany's its international, financial and economic success.
