Semester Exam Topics Chapter Topics 1 Density, Metric System, Conversions

1. Semester Exam Topics • Chapter Topics • 1 Density, Metric System, Conversions • know kilograms, milliliters, density = mass/volume • 2 Chemical vs. Physical changes, • eg: rusting, distillation, decomposition, synthesis, dissolving… • 4 Atoms, Atomic Theory know scientists, subatomic particles, isotopes • 5 Electronic Structure, Quantum Theory, Periodic Properties, • know how to write electron configurations, know quantum numbers, atomic radius, 1st ionization energy, ion formation, metal reactivity, electronegativity • 6,7 Writing Formulas, Naming Compounds, Types of Bonds • 10 Mole, Molar Mass, Mole Conversions • 9 Types of Equations synthesis, decomposition, single & double replacement , combustion • 11 Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactant, % Composition, & Empirical formulas • ** Scientific Notation and Significant Figures

2. Isotopes, Electrons, Density: Write the atomic symbol for nitrogen-14 & nitrogen-15 147N has 7 neutrons & 157N has 8 neutrons Write the electron configuration for each: Zinc: Oxide ion: Calculate the density of a 4cm cube with a mass of 800g: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10 1s22s22p6 Volume = 4cm x 4cm x 4cm = 64cm3 Density = mass/volume = 200g/64cm3 = 12.5 g/cm3 so it will not float!

3. Electron Orbitals of the Atom Hint: memorize this chart! Number of Orbitals (n2) 1 4 9 16 # of electrons possible 2 8 18 32 N (n) 1 2 3 4 Orbital Shapes (s,p,d,f) 1s 2s,2px,2py, 2pz 3s,3px,y,z , 3d (5) 4s,4px,y,z,,4d (5), 4f (7)

4. Scientists that contributed to the Atomic Model JJ Thomson • found negatively charges particles called electrons • thought the atom looked like “plum pudding” Neils Bohr • proposed that electrons circle the nucleus in shells • proposed a planetary model of the atom John Dalton • proposed that the atom is a small indivisible sphere of uniform density Ernest Rutherford • The atom contains a nucleus of positive particles and electrons traveling about the nucleus. • He later added neutrons Mendeleev Discovered the periodicity of the elements. He left holes in the table and predicted properties of missing elements.

5. Predicting Bond Types What happens to electrons? One atom loses electrons, one gains Two atoms share a pair of electrons evenly Two atoms share a pair of electrons unevenly Three types of Bonds Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Polar Covalent Bond Electronegativity Difference Metal + non metal Examples: NaCl, CaCO3 Diatomic element, hydrocarbon Examples: N2, CH4, Diamonds Two different nonmetals Examples: H2O, NH3 Properties are: Lattice structure, solids salts Gases, or network solids, non polar Liquids that hold together by polar ends.

6. Names and Formulas Write the Formula Sodium hydroxide Hydrochloric acid Aluminum chloride Iron (III) sulfate Mercury (II) bromide Ammonium phosphate NaOH HCl AlCl3 Fe2(SO4)3 HgBr2 (NH4)PO4 Name the compound K2S BH3 Al2(SO3)3 AgCl Fe2O3 NaHCO3 Potassium sulfide Boron tri-hydride Aluminum sulfite Silver chloride Iron III oxide Sodium bicarbonate

7. Periodic Table of the Elements H HALOGENS NOBLE GAS nonmetals ALKALI METALS ALKALI EARTH Transition Metals Metalloids INNER TRANSITION METALS tend to be radioactive Memorize the names of the families and their properties !

8. Summary of Trends in Periodic Table Going across the periods • more protons in the nucleus so… • atomic radii decrease • ionization energies increase • metallic properties decrease Going down the groups • more electron shielding so… • atomic radii increases • ionization energies decrease • metallic properties increase

9. Aluminum reacts with Copper (II) Chloride solution to make…? Write a Balanced reaction: How many grams of aluminum are needed to react with 200g of CuCl2 ? How many grams of copper is formed form 100g Al + 200 g CuCl2? If the yield is 95%, what is the actual copper formed? How many liters of carbon dioxide will be formed in the combustion of 5kg of butane, C4H10?