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Cognitive-Emotional Theories and Trauma

Cognitive-Emotional Theories and Trauma. Meagan L. Howell, M.S. Saint Louis University. Theories of PTSD. Cognitive Models Changes in memory function Automatic processing Shattered core beliefs Janoff-Bulman. Stress Response Theory. Initial emotional reaction to trauma

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Cognitive-Emotional Theories and Trauma

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  1. Cognitive-Emotional Theories and Trauma Meagan L. Howell, M.S. Saint Louis University

  2. Theories of PTSD • Cognitive Models • Changes in memory function • Automatic processing • Shattered core beliefs • Janoff-Bulman

  3. Stress Response Theory • Initial emotional reaction to trauma • Efforts to “assimilate” new info from the trauma into knowledge base

  4. Information Processing Theory • Trauma memories processed in separate & distinct way • Incomplete processing leads to PTSD

  5. Cognitive Behavioral Theory • Aaron T. Beck • Examine the interactions between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. • Experience over time impacts the patterns we develop

  6. CBT and Trauma • Focus is on victim’s: • Memory functioning • Information processing • Shattered or challenged core beliefs • Avoidance strategies • Self-criticism

  7. Social Learning Theory • Albert Bandura • Observational learning • Modeling • Key for Learning:

  8. Learned Helplessness • Martin Seligman • Lack control in environment • Related to depression and anxiety responses

  9. Attributions / Locus of Control • Internal v. External • Internal: • External:

  10. Attributions / Locus of Control • Global v. Unique • Global: • Unique/Situational:

  11. Attributions / Locus of Control • Stable v. Unstable • Stable: • Unstable:

  12. DEPRESSION Internal Global Stable ANXIETY External Global Unstable Maladjustment

  13. Victim’s Appraisals • Negative appraisals that develop can be either external or internal: • External appraisals are typically related to viewing the world and others as potentially dangerous and harmful • Internal appraisals are more often related to a sense of responsibility for the trauma

  14. Types of Appraisals • Overgeneralization of the traumatic event into normal events • Appraisals of one’s emotional and behavioral responses during the event • These appraisals are thought to lead to feelings of shame, responsibility, and guilt

  15. Kubany’s Model • Connects PTSD to social psychological elements including hindsight bias, responsibility, and determinism • The key is the symptom of post-traumatic guilt

  16. Post-Traumatic Guilt • Define guilt as, “an unpleasant feeling with an accompanying belief (or beliefs) that one should have thought, felt, or acted differently” (p.429). • Guilt is an important factor in the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms in combat veterans, victims of domestic violence, rape, child sexual abuse, and reckless drivers • Hindsight bias cognitions “should have, could have, if only” contribute to post-traumatic guilt • Guilt tends to be tied to one’s behaviors

  17. Shame • Sense of public exposure of some mistake or failure, accompanied by feelings of disapproval in the eyes of others and a negative evaluation of the self (Tangney, Miller, Flicker, & Barlow, 1996). • Shame is tied more closely to the Self

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