动词的时态 1 ）现在完成进行时态（ have/has been + -ing 分词）：动作或状态从过去某时开始，继续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束。

动词的时态 1）现在完成进行时态（have/has been + -ing 分词）：动作或状态从过去某时开始，继续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束。 I’ve been writing letters for an hour. 2）过去完成进行时（had been + ing分词）: 过去某时刻前一直进行的动作 I’d been working for some time when he called. 3）将来完成时（shall/will have + 过去分词）: 动作将来某时刻会已经完成 I shall have finished this one before lunch. 4）将来完成进行时 (will have been + ing分词): 将来某时刻前将一直进行的动作 By next summer,he will have been working here for twenty years.

不定式 主动形式被动形式一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing X 完成进行式 to have been doing X 一般式 : 不定式的动作与谓语表示的动作（状态）同时或在它之后发生。 She came to see me in my office yesterday. 完成式：不定式的动作，在谓语动作（状态）之前发生。 I am glad to have seen you. （比较： I am glad to see you.）进行式：谓语动作（状态）发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。 He pretended to be listening attentively. 完成进行式：在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作。 We are happy to have been working with you.

某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语，其中最常用某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语，其中最常用的动词有 agree， afford， arrange， appear， ask，attempt， care， choose， continue， decide，demand， desire， determine， expect， fail，fear， forget， hate， hesitate， hope， intend，learn， like， love， manage， mean， neglect，offer， plan， prefer， prepare， pretend， promise， refuse， regret， remember， seek，tend， try， volunteer， want， wish等。

V+ing形式（现在分词及动名词） 动名词的完成式：动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。 I regret not having taken her advice. 现在分词的完成式：主要用在状语中，表示这动作在谓语动作之前发生。 Having been there many times,he offered to be our guide. Having found the cause， they were able to propose a remedy. 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成式。 The guests having left,they resumed their discussion. 动名词的被动式：当逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时。 He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that. 动名词的完成被动式：动作在谓语动作之前发生。 I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.

一些动词后要接动名词 某些及物动词后能用动名词而不能用不定式作宾语，其中最常用动词的有admit，avoid， appreciate，complete， consider， delay， deny， dislike， enjoy，escape， excuse， fancy， finish， forgive，involve， imagine， can’t help， mind， miss， postpone， practice， prevent， quit， resent， risk，resist， suggest等。 Note： 1. 在like、hate、prefer等动词后，如果表示一般倾向，则用动名词作宾语; 如果指具体的某次发生在将来的行动，则要用不定式。 I like reading books of this kind， but I don’t like to read that book. 2. 在remember、forget、regret等动词后，用动名词作宾语，表示宾语的动作发生在谓语动作之前;用不定式作宾语，表示宾语的动作发生在谓语动作之后。 I regret telling you about it. （=I regret that I told you about it.） I regret to tell you he has fallen ill. （=I regret that I am to tell you he has fallen ill.）

独立结构 在用分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一。但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立结构，一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况。 He rushed into the room， his face covered with sweat. 也可以表示时间： Late that autumn，his work finished,he prepared to return to his institute. 表示原因： Her eyes dimmed with tears，she did not see him enter. 表示条件： All things considered, Joe’s paper is of greater value than yours.

虚拟语气 1. wish，would rather 等引导的宾语从句： I wish I remembered the address. I would rather they came tomorrow. 2. suggest， order， demand， propose， command， request， desire， insist 等动词后的宾语从句： The commander ordered all civilians (should)leave. He asked that he (should) be given an opportunity to try. 3. It is desired / necessary / important 等结构后的主语从句。 It was arranged that they leave the following week It will be better that we meet some other time. 4. Suggestion， proposal， order， recommendations， plan， idea 等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句： His sole requirement is （was） that thy system be adjusted.

5. as if （though）引起的从句： They talked as if they had been friends for years. He acts as if he were an expert. 6. 以lest， for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句（ should +动词原形）： He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain. I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should need it. 7. 在it is time that等句型中: It is time that we went （或 should go） to bed. It is high time we （should） put an end to this controversy.

8. 条件句 虚拟条件句主要有下面两类：表示现在及将来情况（表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况）：谓语主要形式如下（be多用were这个形式）： If I were you， I wouldn’t lose heart. How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer. 表示过去情况的虚拟条件句（与事实完全相反的假设情况），谓语主要形式如下： She would have come if we had invited her. If I hadn’t taken your advice, I’d have made a bad mistake. You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.

定语从句 限制和非限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分, 去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确; 非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质，去掉了不会影响主要意义，通常用逗号与它的先行词分开。 The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained. The boys,who wanted to play football,were disappointed when it rained. 在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人，用which指物，不用that替代。 My father,who had been on a visit to America,returned yesterday. All the books,which had pictures in them,were sent to the little girl.

倒装倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装。在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分（如助动词，情态动词，或系动词be等）放在主语前面，其余部分仍在主语后面： Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post. I couldn’t answer the question, nor could anyone else in our class. 句首状语若由 only + 副词， only + 介词词组， only + 状语从句构成： Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets. 当句首状语为 never， little， not only， not until， hardly， scarcely 等否定词或有否定意义的词语时，一般引起部分倒装。 No longer are they staying with us. No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill. Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.

强调句型 构成形式：It be+被强调部分+ that（who， which）+ 其他部分 It is what you will do that is essential. 被强调部分之后，一般用that引出句子的其他部分。如强调人，也可用who;如果是指物的名词，也可用which。 It was Jane that/who lent me the money. It was this novel that/which they talked about last night. 如果强调原因状语从句, 只能用because引导, 不能用since, as或why。 It was because he had never had the opportunity that John hadn’t learned to drive. 三类句子成分不能强调：表语、谓语动词和由though等引导的从句。 It is although he is young that he can speak four languages. （误） Although he is young， he can speak four languages. （正）

87 Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble ______________ (找到去历史博物馆的路). • __________(为了挣钱供我上学), Mother often takes on more work than is good for her. 89 The professor required that ______________(我们交研究报告)。 90 The more you explain, ______________(我愈糊涂). 91 Though a skilled worker, ____________(他被公司解雇了) last week because of the economic crisis. 87. finding the way to the history museum 88. In order to support my university studies (或：to finance my education; to pay for my education/to pay my tuition fees) 89. We (should) hand in our/the research report(s) 90. the more confused I am 91. he was fired by the company

87. Specialists in intercultural studies say that it is not easy to____________ (适应不同文化中的生活) 88. Since my childhood I have found that __________(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力) 89. The victim___________ (本来有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time. 90. Some psychologists claim that people______ (出门在外时可能会感到孤独) 91.The nation’s population continues to rise________ (以每年1200万人的速度) 87. adapt oneself to life/living in different cultures 88. nothing is more attractive to me than reading 或 to me, nothing is more important than reading 89. would have had a chance to survive 或 would have survived 90. might feel lonely when they are far from home/ are not in their hometown/ traveling. 91. at a speed/rate of 12 million per year 或 at an annual speed of 12 million

87. The finding of this study failed to __________(将人们的睡眠质量考虑在内). 88.The prevention and treatment of AIDS is _________(我们可以合作的领域) . 89. Because of the leg injury, the athlete__________________(决定退出比赛). 90.To make donations or for more information, please ________(按以下地址和我们联系). 91.Please come here at ten tomorrow morning ___________(如果你方便的话). 87. take people’s sleep quality/quality of sleep into account/consideration 88. a field in which we can work together / a field in which we can cooperate 89. decided to quit the match 90. contact us at the following address 91. at your convenience/if it is convenient for you

87 __________(多亏了一系列的新发明), doctors can treat this disease successfully. 88 In my sixties, one change I notice is that _________(我比以前更容易累了). 89 I am going to pursue this course, _________(无论我要作出什么样的牺牲). 90 I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because ____________(它更方便和省时). 91 Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life _______________ (用他们能够借到多少来衡量的), not how much they can earn. 87. Thanks to/ because of a series of new inventions 88. I have been more likely to get tired than before/ I get tired more easily than before 89. no matter at what expense (cost) / no matter what I have to sacrifice (pay) / would have to sacrifice (pay) 90. the former/ shopping online is more convenient and efficient (time-saving) (can save more time) 91. is measured in terms of how much they can borrow

87. Our efforts will pay off if the results of this research_______________ (能应用于新技术的开发) 88. I can’t boot my computer now. Something _______________ (一定出了毛病) with its operation system. 89. Leaving one’s job, ____________________ (不管是什么工作), is a difficult change even for those who look forward to retiring. 90. ______________________(与我成长的地方相比), this town is more prosperous and exciting. 91. __________________(直到他完成使命) did he realize that he was seriously ill. 87. can be applied to the development of the new technology. 88. must be wrong 89. whatever job it is/ no matter what job it is 90. Compared with the place where I grew up 91. Not until he had finished the mission

动词的时态 1 ）现在完成进行时态（ have/has been + -ing 分词）：动作或状态从过去某时开始，继续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束。