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ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

ANIMAL REPRODUCTION. Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Fertilization Int or ext Development Int or ext Size of Eggs Small, med., lg # of Gametes Few or many Protection Little or much. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. STRUCTURE. FUNCTION.

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ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

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  1. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION • Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals • Fertilization • Int or ext • Development • Int or ext • Size of Eggs • Small, med., lg • # of Gametes • Few or many • Protection • Little or much

  2. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM STRUCTURE FUNCTION 1. Testes 2. Seminiferous Tubules 3. Epididymus 4. Vas Deferens 5. Urinary Bladder 6. Prostate Gland 7. Seminal Vesicle 8. Urethra 9. Penis 10. Scrotum • 1. produce sperm and hormones • 2. site of spermatogenesis • 3. storage sac for sperm cells • 4. passageways for sperm to urethra • 5. stores urine • 6. produces water and sugar for • 7. sperm cells = semen • 8. passageway for sperm and urine • 9. adaptation for internal fertilization • 10. holds testes outside the body

  3. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM STRUCTURE FUNCTION 1. Ovaries 2. Fallopian tubes 3. Utering lining 4. Uterus 5. Cervix 6.Vagina 1. Produces eggs and hormones 2. Passageway from ovary to uterus site of fertilization 3. Site of embryo implantation – develops a placenta 4. Adaptation for internal development 5. Bottom of uterus – separates int. from ext. 6. Birth canal – site of int. fert.

  4. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

  5. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

  6. THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE • Estrous Cycles – periodic changes in reproductive systems • Ex. Menstrual cycle – monthly changes in the human, female, reproductive system. • Follicle Stage (day 1 to day 12) • FSH is released from the brain • Mature egg develops in a follicle • Ovary produces estrogen • Ovulation (day 12 to day 14) • Mature egg released from ovary • Corpus Luteum Stage (day 14 to day 24) • Maintains the uterine lining • Produces progesterone • Menstruation (day 24-day 28) • Estrogen and progesterone - off • Sheds the uterine lining

  7. REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES Male Hormones produced by the testes 1. Testosterone – controls male secondary sexual characteristics controls sperm cell production Female Hormones produced by the ovaries 1. Estrogen – causes the uterine lining to thicken 2. Progesterone – maintains the uterine lining Female Hormones produced by the Pituitary gland (brain) 1. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) – stimulates an egg to develop within a follicle and stimulates estrogen production 2. LH (Leutenizing Hormone) – stimulates the development of the corpus luteum

  8. FEEDBACK MECHANISM • 1. System used to regulate hormone levels. • 2. Involves two separate glands. • 3. The hormones from the first gland stimulate the second gland to produce its hormones, which in turn, have an effect on the first gland Ex. Thermostat and Boiler Pituitary gland and Ovaries FSH On FSH Off positive Brain Ovaries negative Estrogen Off Estrogen On)

  9. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK • Low Estrogen levels – Turns on FSH • Occurs after menstruation – cycle begins • Occurs after birth – cycle begins again • High Estrogen Levels – Turns off FSH • Occurs after ovulation – eggs are no longer produced • Occurs after fertilization (pregnancy) – implanted embryo stimulates estrogen production – eggs are no longer produced Fertility drugs = FSH– causes egg production Birth control Pills = Estrogen – Shuts off FSH (inhibits egg production)

  10. FERTILIZATION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT Sperm + Egg  Zygote  Morula  Blastula  Gastrula fertilization cleavage (rapid mitotic division) Zygote = fertilized egg Morula = solid ball of cells Blastula = hollow ball of cells Gastrula = 3 primary germ layers ectoderm – outer layer  nervous system and skin mesoderm – middle layer  muscles and bones endoderm – inner layer  linings of dig. and resp. systems

  11. LATE DEVELOPMENT Structure Function 1. Uterus 2. Fetus 3. Amniotic sac 4. Umbilical cord 5. Placenta 1. Adaptation for internal development 2. Developed embryo 3. Fluid filled sac – used as a shock absorber 4. 3 blood vessels which connect the fetus to the placenta 5. Exchanges nutrients,wastes, and oxygen between mother and fetus by diffusion

  12. BIRD AND REPTILE DEVELOPMENT Structure Function 1. Shell 2. Chorion 3. Amniotic sac 4. Embryo 5. Digestive system 6. Yolk sac 7. Allantois 1. Gas exchange 2. Protection – surrounds other membranes 3. Shock absorber – filled with fluid 4. Offspring 5. Connected to food source 6. Nourishment for embryo – contains food 7. Storage sac for oxygen and wastes

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