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Chapter 21

Chapter 21. Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815 - 1850. The Conservative Order, 1815-1830. The Peace Settlement Congress of Vienna, September 1814 Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria (1773-1859) Restore legitimate monarchs to preserve tradition

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Chapter 21

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  1. Chapter 21 Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815 - 1850

  2. The Conservative Order, 1815-1830 • The Peace Settlement • Congress of Vienna, September 1814 • Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria (1773-1859) • Restore legitimate monarchs to preserve tradition • Monarch share a common interest in stability • Dominated the Congress of Vienna • Restoration of the Bourbons in France and Spain • Principle of Legitimacy • Balance of political and military power through policy • Poland • Containment of France • Quadruple Alliance • UK, Austria, Prussia and Russia…France ultimately joins • Louis XVIII restored to French throne • Outcome keeps Europe peaceful for almost 100 years

  3. Eugene Delacroix Greece Expiring on the Ruins of Missolonghi

  4. ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Europe after the Congress of Vienna

  5. The Ideology of Conservatism • Dominate political philosophy after the fall of Napoleon • Edmund Burke (1729-1797), Reflections on theRevolution in France • Emphasized the dangers of radical change • Society is a contract that should strive to preserve tradition • Common good is more important than individualism • Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821) • Monarchy divinely sanctioned, guarantees order • Conservative Domination: The Concert of Europe • Four congresses, 1818-1822 • Outbreak of revolution in Spain and Italy • Intervention • The Revolt of Latin America • Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) • José de San Martín (1778-1850) • Monroe Doctrine, 1823 • British use their navy to keep the revolutions rolling

  6. ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Latin America in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

  7. The Greek Revolt (1821-1832) • European intervention • Role of Romanticism • Treaty of Adrianople, 1829 • Conservative Domination: The European States • Great Britain: Rule of the Tories • Britain governed by the aristocratic landowning classes • Pockets and rotten boroughs • Large, new industrial cities not represented • Whigs starting to get support from the industrial middle class • Peterloo Massacre, 1819 • Protest over high bread prices • Minor reforms • Restoration of France • Moderation of Louis XVIII, 1814-1824 • Charles X, 1824-1830

  8. ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Balkans by 1830

  9. Intervention in the Italian States and Spain • Nine states created in Italy by the Congress of Vienna • Fredinand VII in Spain, 1814-33 • Repression in Central Europe • 38 sovereign states • Liberal and national movements in the German states • King Frederick William III of Prussia(1797-1840) • Burschenschaften movement, student societies, 1817-1819 • Karlsbad Decrees 1819 • Disband the Burschenshaften • Censorship of the German Press • Government supervision of most German universities • Monitored and restricted university activities • Austrian stagnation • Russia: Autocracy of the Tsars • Alexander I, 1801-1825 • Speransky reforms • Nicholas I, 1825-1855 • Decembrist Revolt, 1825 • Police state created • Fear of internal and external revolts 

  10. Ideologies of Change- Liberalism • Economic liberalism (classical economics) • Reverend Thomas Malthus (1766-1834), • Essay on the Principles of Population • Population growth at a geometric rate while food increases at a slower arithmetic rate • Population must be kept in check for progress to be made • David Ricardo (1772-1823), • Principles of Political Economy • Iron law of wages • Increase in population means more workers which causes wages to fall below subsistence level • Emphasis on individual freedom • John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, On the Subjection of Women • Liberty of the individual • Men and women do not have different natures • Women’s rights • Embraced by industrial middle class • Burschenschaften • Student societies of Germany

  11. Nationalism • Radical encouragement to shift loyalty away from existing states and rulers • Part of a community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs • Allied with liberalism • Profound effect on revolutions of Belgium, Poland and Italy • Early Socialism • Charles Fourier (1772-1838) • Utopian socialist • Model communities, phalansteries • Robert Owen (1771-1858) • New Lanark, Scotland • New Harmony, Indiana • Louis Blanc (1813-1882) • Social problems require government assistance • National Workshops • Unemployment compensation through public works projects

  12. ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Distribution of Language in Nineteenth-Century Europe

  13. Women attracted to socialism • Zoé Gatti de Gamond • Flora Tristan (1803-1844) • Utopian synthesis of socialism and feminism Revolution and Reform, 1830-1850 • Another French Revolution • Charles X issues July Ordinances, July 26, 1830 • Censorship of the press • Dissolves the legislative assembly • Reduced electorate • July Revolution 1830 • Louis-Philippe succeeds Charles X • Louis-Philippe, 1830-1848 • Sided with the Party of Resistance • Cooperated with Francois Guizot • Favors the upper bourgeoisie • Party of Movement • Party of Resistance

  14. Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and Italy • Nationalism fuels the outburst • Belgians revolt, 1830 • Independence recognized • Considered the most successful nationalist revolution of the era • Austrian troops crush revolt in northern Italian states • Russians put down revolt in Poland, 1831 • Reform in Great Britain • Thomas Macaulay • Reform would prevent radical outbursts • Reform Bill of 1832 • Upper middle-class benefit • Poor Law of 1834 • Making state welfare a position of misery would encourage the poor to find profitable jobs • Repeal of the Corn Laws, 1846 • Revolutions of 1848 • Yet Another French Revolution • Louis-Philippe fails to initiate reform • Abdication, February 24, 1848

  15. Provisional government • National workshops • “June days” • Second Republic, November 4, 1848 • Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte • Napoleon III • Revolution in Central Europe • Agricultural depression • Revolt of handicraft workers • Frederick William IV, 1840-1860 • Frankfurt Assembly 1848 • Failed to create a united Germany • Austrian Empire 1848 • Metternich flees the country and is ultimately exiled • Louis Kossuth, Hungary • Francis Joseph I, 1848-1916

  16. ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Revolutions of 1848-1849

  17. Revolts in the Italian States • Divided into states controlled by other European powers • Risorgimento (Resurgence) • Failed due to opposition from France, Austria and the Pope Pius IX • Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) • Young Italy • Nationalist organization • Failures of 1848 • Divisions among the revolutionaries • Failure to extend universal suffrage • Divisions supporting self-government • Growth of the United States • Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804), Federalist • Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), Republican • John Marshall (1755-1835) • Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), democracy  • Mass white male democracy

  18. The Emergence of an Ordered Society • Development of New Police Forces • Parisian serjeants 1829 • First professional civilian police force • Robert Peel, London “bobbies” • Politician who introduced legislation establishing London’s professional police force • Berlin’s Schutzmannschaft • Poverty as a source of crime • Institutes • Prison Reform • Create a more disciplined and law-abiding society • Auburn Prison • Walnut Street model

  19. Culture in an Age of Reaction and Revolution: The Mood of Romanticism • The Characteristics of Romanticism • Pantheistic worship of nature • Sentiment, suffering and self-sacrifice • Reverence for history that inspired nationalism • Reaction to the excesses of Industrialization • Reaction against the Enlightenment’s preoccupation with reason • The Writers • Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), • The Sorrows of the Young Werther • The literary model for the early Romantics • Historical consciousness • Grimm brothers • Walter Scott • Gothic literature • Edgar Allen Poe The Fall of The House of Usher • Mary Shelley Frankenstein • Individualism • Drug Experimentation

  20. Romantic Poets • Poetry served as the most important form of expression for Romantic literature • Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) • Lord Byron (1788-1824) • William Wordsworth (1770-1850) • Mechanistic materialism

  21. Romanticism in Art and Music • Landscapes, God and nature • Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851) • Moods of nature • “airy visions, painted with tinted stream” • Eugène Delacroix (1798-1863) • Passion for color • Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) • Bridged gap between Classicism and Romanticism • Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) • Program music • Revival of Religion in the Age of Romanticism • François-René de Chateaubriand • Father of French Romanticism (1768-1848) • Genius of Christianity, 1802 • Protestant evangelicalism and personal salvation • Catholicism grows, especially in Germany • Gothic architecture

  22. Cologne Cathedral

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