SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

1. The Architecture of Computer Hardware and Systems Software: An Information Technology Approach 3rd Edition, Irv Englander John Wiley and Sons 2003 SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER 2Instruction Addressing Modes

2. Little Man Computer • Direct, absolute addressing • Direct: data is reached directly from the address in the instruction • Absolute: address in the instruction field is the actual memory location being addressed Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

3. Additional Addressing Modes • Programmer-accessible registers • Provide faster execution with register-based instructions • Alternatives to absolute addressing • Allow larger range of addressable memory • While using a reasonable number of bits for the address field • Alternatives to direct addressing • Facilitate writing certain types of programs • Example: loops that use index to address different entries in a table or array Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

4. Register Addressing • Does not require a memory access • Faster execution • Implemented directly as part of the CPU • RISC machine instruction set: made up almost entirely of register operation instructions Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

5. Register Addressing *Done in parallel with move; only 3 time units required Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

6. Additional Addressing Modes • Programmer-accessible registers • Provide faster execution with register-based instructions • Alternative to absolute addressing • Allow larger range of addressable memory • While using a reasonable number of bits for the address field • Alternative to direct addressing • Facilitate writing certain types of programs • Example: loops that use index to address different entries in a table or array Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

7. Active Area of Memory • Code executes in a small area of memory that changes as program proceeds • Well-written code • Small modular subroutines and procedures • Local variables • Conditional branches Fig S2.2 Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

8. 2 Alternatives to Absolute Addressing • Base register addressing • Relative addressing • Both provide starting address and an offset or displacement from the starting point • Starting address in register or program counter • Offset: address in the instruction • Programming advantage: relocatability Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

9. Base Register Addressing • Base register set to initial address • Hardware design: special, separate register or general-purpose registers • Generally large to provide large memory space, frequently gigabytes • Final address: contents of instruction address field added to the base address Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

10. IBM zSystem • Base register address creation Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

11. IBM zSystem • 16 64-bit general-purpose registers • Load instruction format Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

12. IBM zSystem Example: Load • Base-value register: general-purpose register 3 1 C 2 5 E 016 • Displacement for the instruction 3 7 A16 • Absolute address Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

13. Op code Base register Destination register Displacement IBM zSystem Example: Load • Instruction Word Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

14. Fetch-Execute Cycle for Relative Address Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

15. Relative Addressing • Value in address field added to value in program counter • Program counter used as the base register • Similar to base addressing • Constraint: address field must be able to store and manipulate positive and negative numbers • Complementary representation Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

16. Relative Addressing Example Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

17. Direct Addressing • Separates data into location different from location of instructions • Benefits to programmer • Data can be changed without affecting the instruction itself • Data is available to different instructions Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

18. Additional Addressing Modes • Programmer-accessible registers • Provide faster execution with register-based instructions • Alternative to absolute addressing • Allow larger range of addressable memory • While using a reasonable number of bits for the address field • Alternative to direct addressing • Facilitate writing certain types of programs • Example: loops that use index to address different entries in a table or array Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

19. Alternatives to Direct Addressing • Immediate addressing • Indirect addressing • Register Indirect addressing • Indexed addressing Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

20. Immediate Addressing • Store data with the instruction itself • Example: • Data is a constant • Constraint: • Address field must be able to store and manipulate positive and negative numbers • Complementary representation • Advantage: • Additional memory access not required • Faster execution Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

21. Immediate Addressing • Modified LMC Example • Constant limited to the size of address field Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

22. Immediate Addressing • Modified LMC Example Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

23. Indirect Addressing • Address field of the instruction contains the address of the data • Similar to pointers in Pascal or C • Frequently used with subscripted data in a table Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

24. Little Man Indirect Addressing a. The Little Man reads in instruction b. ,,, he finds the address of the data Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

25. Little Man Indirect Addressing c. … from that address he retrieves the data d. … with a different address in location 45, he retrieves different data (note: In this step the address of the data has been incremented). Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

26. Incrementing • Treat the instruction as data • Modify the address field • Pure code: does not modify itself during execution • Incrementing does not modify the instruction • Address stored in a separate data region • Advantage: program can be stored in ROM Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

27. Totalizer Loop with Direct Addressing Instruction in location 07 treated as data, incremented, and replaced to its original location

28. Totalizer Loop with Indirect Addressing Asterisk used to indicate indirect instruction

29. Register Indirect Addressing • Also called register deferred addressing • Address pointed is stored in a general-purpose register • Advantage: efficient • 1 instruction to load pointer address in register • Data accessed in the same number of fetch-execute instructions as direct addressing • Small address field required (3 or 4 bits) • Excellent for addressing large memory space with small instruction word Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

30. Register Indirect AddressingDual Duty • Autoincrementing/autodecrementing • Direct implementation of C’s “++” and “- -” • Instruction • Performs normal function like LOAD or ADD • Plus increments or decrements register each time instruction executed • Advantage: simplifies writing program loops • Replaces steps 7,9,10, 11 on Slide #28 Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

31. Register Indirect AddressingObtaining Data Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

32. Motorola 68000 CPU MOVE Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

33. Indexed Addressing • Use address in the instruction like direct addressing • But modify address by adding value from another register • General purpose or special index register Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

34. Indexed vs. Base Offset • Both offset address by amount stored in another register • Base offset: primarily to expand addressing range for a given address field size • Value of base address likely to be large and rarely changed during execution • Index register: primarily a table offset for subscripting • Value in index register most like small and frequently changing • Autoindexing: similar to autoincrementing Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

35. Index Register: Modifying an Address Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

36. Using Both Base Offset and Indexed Addressing Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes

37. Totalizer Loop with Indexed Addressing Supplementary Chapter 2 Instruction Addressing Modes