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Epistemology

Epistemology. Area of Philosophy that deals with questions concerning knowledge Philosophy of Knowledge. Epistemology. Is knowledge possible? If so, how do we obtain it? What does this knowledge say about the world?. Epistemology. Who cares?. Is it possible to predict the future?.

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Epistemology

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  1. Epistemology • Area of Philosophy that deals with questions concerning knowledge • Philosophy of Knowledge

  2. Epistemology • Is knowledge possible? • If so, how do we obtain it? • What does this knowledge say about the world?

  3. Epistemology Who cares?

  4. Is it possible to predict the future? Epistemology

  5. Allegory of the Cave

  6. I believe that John passed the test John did not pass the test I have no opinion regarding whether John passed the test John passed the test The coin flip came up heads so I believe that John passed the test John passed the test What is knowledge?

  7. I looked at Johns test and his score was 90% I have no reason to believe that this score is inaccurate Based on these considerations I believe that John passed the test John passed the test True Justified Belief What is knowledge?

  8. The claim that we do not have knowledge Skepticism

  9. Senses can be deceived Universal Belief falsifiers: Strategies used by skeptics to attack knowledge claims by showing that there are states of affairs that would prevent us from distinguishing true beliefs from false ones Skepticism

  10. Skepticism • General skeptical argument • We can find reasons for doubting any one of our beliefs • It follows that we can doubt all of our beliefs • If we can doubt all of our beliefs then we cannot be certain of any of them • If we do not have certainty about any of our beliefs then we do not have knowledge • Therefore, we do not have knowledge

  11. Rene Descartes Wanted to find the same type of certainty in philosophy as is mathematics Methodological skepticism Cogito Ergo Sum ( I think Therefore I am) Skepticism

  12. Claim that sense experience is the primary source of our knowledge about the world Empiricism

  13. Claim that reason or the intellect is the primary source of our knowledge about reality Rationalism

  14. Constructivism(Kantian Epistemology) • Claim that knowledge is neither already in the mind nor passively received from the experience but that the mind constructs knowledge out of the materials of experience

  15. Constructivism(Kantian Epistemology)

  16. The claim that there is one set of universal truths or facts about the world and that these truths are independent of us Objectivism

  17. There is no universal, objective knowledge of reality because all knowledge is either relative to the individual or his or her culture Epistemological Relativism

  18. Subjectivism -- The claim that beliefs are relative each person’s individual perspective Cultural Relativism-- The claim that beliefs are relative to a particular culture Epistemological Relativism

  19. The claim that there is one set of universal truths or facts about the world and that these truths are independent of us Objectivism

  20. Correspondence theory of truth 1. Reality has a determinant objective character 2. A statement is true or false to the degree that it corresponds to or represents the objective features of reality Jack is six feet tall What is the Truth?

  21. Perspectivism: Theory that there cannot be any uninterpreted facts or truths about because everything that we encounter is seen from one perspective or another What is the Truth?

  22. Perspectivism

  23. William James 1842-1910 John Dewey 1859-1952 Pragmatism

  24. Judges truth of our beliefs by how successfully they guide our actions Pragmatism

  25. Intrumentalism: Ideas and beliefs are instruments for dealing with the situations we face in life Fallibilism: All knowledge is tentative and subject to revision Pragmatism

  26. Pragmatism

  27. Pragmatism

  28. The Pythagorean Theorem is true Democracy is a better form of government than Communism Killing an innocent person is wrong College is a worthwhile experience Pragmatism

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