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4 th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety

4 th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety. September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA. ICHS2011-#108. New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use.

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4 th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety

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  1. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA ICHS2011-#108 New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems:Keys for Understanding and Use Kesheng Ou, Jinyang Zheng, Xianxin Liu, Yongzhi Zhao, Linxin Chen, Yuntang He Institute of Process Equipment Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China September 12, 2011 New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use

  2. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA Zhejiang University is located in Hangzhou which is near Shanghai, P.R. China. 180km 1h train Hangzhou(30°15'9.44"N, 120° 9'54.36"E) by Google Earth New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use

  3. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA Hangzhou was honored as "the most beautiful and magnificentcity in the world" by the Italian traveler Marco Polo. The West Lake of Hangzhou has just been named as a World heritage site in June 24, 2011. New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use

  4. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA Zhejiang University was founded in 1897 as one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in China. It has always been ranked among the few top universities in China. There are five campuses: Zhijiang, Xixi, Yuquan, Huajiachi and Zijingang. Xixi campus Yuquan campus Welcome to ZJU and Hangzhou Zhijiang campus Huajiachi campus Zijingang campus 44,151 full-time students, including 24,983 undergraduates, 11,883 graduate students working for master degree, 6,050 doctoral candidates, 1,235 foreign students. Total collection of library: 6,260,000 Volume. New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use

  5. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA Introduction 1 Key Points of the Standard 2 Contents 3 Features of the Standard 4 Conclusions New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  6. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 1. Introduction Hydrogen is considered as one of the most promising energy carriers in the 21st century for its characteristics of recycling use, inherent pollution freeand high energy efficiency. Its application includes • HFCV • forklift • Power station • Backup power • …… New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  7. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 1. Introduction In 2008 Beijing Olympic Games • 23 HFCVs — 20 cars — 3 buses • 2 hydrogen fuelling stations New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  8. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 1. Introduction In 2010 Shanghai Expo • 196 HFCVs—90 cars —6 buses —100 sight-seeing cars • 2 stationary hydrogen fuelling stations • 2 transportable hydrogen fuelling stations New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  9. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 1. Introduction Nevertheless, extension and accessibility of hydrogen technology still need continual improvement. Safety issue is one of the stumbling blocks on the way towards commercialization of the new technology. Development of regulations, codes and standards on hydrogen safety is a primary ingredient in overcoming those difficulties. Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems The main standards on safety of hydrogen systems China also constantly strives to carry out standardization of hydrogen safety and formulated the first China National Standard on hydrogen system safety - “Essential safety requirements for hydrogen systems”. New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  10. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 2. Key points of the standard The primary hazards related to hydrogen systems can be summarized as follows: Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems • Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) • Leakage and permeation • Flammability and explosion • Overpressure • Low temperature • Solid state hydrogen storage hazards • Physiological hazards Considering severity and importance of risk, the new standard is especially focused on: • metal hydrogen compatibility • risk control of flammability and explosion New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  11. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 2. Key points of the standard 2.1 metal hydrogen compatibility Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems Metal hydrogen compatibility is a basic requirement for those materials in contact with hydrogen. The harmful effects of high-pressure hydrogen on metals are usually reflected in remarkable decrease of percentage reduction of area after fracture. Material deterioration caused by hydrogen greatly increases the risk of sudden failure of hydrogen systems. Due to HE, lots of metallic materials commonly used in pressure vessels and pipes can not be used in hydrogen systems. New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  12. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 2. Key points of the standard 2.1 metal hydrogen compatibility Although the mechanism of HE is still impenetrable, extensive study has been made by researchers from the United States, Japan, Canada, etc. Work on modeling, simulation, prediction of hydrogen-induced crack initiation and growth, and HE test has been done so much. Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems . HE of stainless steels increases with temperature decrease, reaches a maximum between 150 and 250 K, and then decreases with further temperature decrease. HE of stainless steels will not occur when nickel equivalent is above 27%, regardless of temperature change. New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  13. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 2. Key points of the standard 2.1 metal hydrogen compatibility Based on the existing study work, the standard provides essential requirements for metallic materials and engineering control methods of HE. Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems • Essential requirement of metallic material selection: in all applications where metals come in contact with hydrogen, metal hydrogen compatibility shall be demonstrated. • Engineering control methods of HE include: • Use specified test methods to select metallic materials • Restrict hardness and strength of metals • Consider HE susceptibility of metallic materials affected by temperature change • Minimize residual stress • Avoid or minimize cold plastic deformation during fabrication • …… • Some metallic materials are recommended in the standard as an informative annex. (S31603 (UNS S31603), S31608 (UNS S31608), 6061 (UNS A6061), etc. ) New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  14. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 2. Key points of the standard 2.2 risk control of flammability and explosion Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems • Combustion properties of hydrogen • Flammability limits: 4.0~75% (vol fraction) • Detonability limits: 18.3~59% (vol fraction) • Minimum ignition energy: 0.017 mJ • Pass through small leak paths and even permeate through materials • Vapor cloud explosion • Jet fire • Explosion of hydrogen systems • Oxygen-enriched condensate outside the liquid and slush hydrogen lines can enhance the flammability of materials New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  15. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 2. Key points of the standard 2.2 risk control of flammability and explosion As many other cases, to be familiar with and master combustion properties of hydrogen is prerequisite and foundation to mitigate and control the risks. In the standard, users can find complete tables of : Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems • Combustion properties of hydrogen • Ignition and combustion property comparison of hydrogen with other common fuels • Engineering control methods: • Preventing formation of unexpected hydrogen/oxidizer mixture • Eliminating ignition sources • Using hydrogen or hydrogen flame detectors • Keeping safety distances of hydrogen systems and stations…… New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  16. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 2. Key points of the standard 2.2 risk control of flammability and explosion Optimizing hydrogen storage vessel structure to improve its inherent safety is an innovative way to control flammability and explosion risks.A kind of multifunctional layered stationary high-pressure hydrogen storage vessel was developed by the Institute of Process Equipment, Zhejiang University. Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems • Flexible in design • Convenient in fabrication • Wide in feasibility • Easy in on-line safety monitoring • Less leakage sources • Only leak, never burst • Problem of metal high-pressure hydrogen compatibility may be also solved Construction of multifunctional layered stationary high-pressure hydrogen storage vessel. 1 – End nozzle; 2 – Head nozzle; 3 – Reinforcing ring; 4 – Protective shell; 5 – Cylinder nozzle; 6 – Flat steel ribbon wound cylindrical shell; 7 – Inner shell; 8 – Slant weld; 9 – Outer hemispherical head; 10- Inner hemispherical head. New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  17. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 3. Features of the standard • Formulation of the new standard was started in 2008 and finished in 2010. The standard covers new key safety issues of hydrogen systems and latest hydrogen technology, e.g. • Considerations for the temperature rise when fast filling operations • Safety requirements for large stationary high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels • Type selection requirements for compressor • …… The main features of the standard are as follows: Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems • Slush hydrogen systems • Solid state hydrogen storage systems • Hydrogen production by renewable energy New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  18. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 3. Features of the standard 3.1 slush hydrogen systems Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems Slush hydrogen is of great interest for space program because of its high density. Using slush hydrogen can reduce physical size and weight of the storage systems, and can also eliminate or reduce some of the problems related to liquid hydrogen storage. Considering the technology development tendency, the standard provides essential safety requirements for slush hydrogen systems. • Safety-related thermophysical properties of slush hydrogen are provided (vapor pressure, volume change, thermal stratification, aging, etc ) • Hazards involved in slush hydrogen systems are identified (Air leakage, Aging of solid hydrogen particles, etc) • Main risk control guidelines are also provided New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  19. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 3. Features of the standard 3.2 solid state hydrogen storage systems Solid state hydrogen storage has developed into an important and extensive hydrogen storage method. There have been lots of solid state hydrogen storage systems, such as metal hydride storage system, complex hydride storage system, etc. There have also been some standards on solid state hydrogen storage such as ISO 16111: 2008. Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems Considering the rapid development and wide application of solid state hydrogen storage technology, basic safety requirements and guidelines for solid state hydrogen storage systems are first included in the standard. Factors involved in solid state hydrogen storage hazards are presented, e.g. • Relatively high heat of reactions • Local stockpiling of hydride powders • Toxicity • Combustion New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  20. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 3. Features of the standard 3.2 solid state hydrogen storage systems Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems • The standard also provides design and use guidelines for solid state hydrogen storage systems. • Design of the storage systems should consider the unique pressure-temperature characteristics and reaction kinetics of hydrides. • The storage vessels should be designed as heat exchange structure, such as concentric heat exchanger tubes equipped with fins and filled with flowing cooling fluid. • Other design and use guidelines are also presented. • Improvement of acceptability and safer use of solid state hydrogen storage systems are expected. New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  21. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 3. Features of the standard 3.3 hydrogen production by renewable energy Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems • Hydrogen production technology has made great progress in the past decade. Hydrogen production by renewable energy mainly include: • Water electrolysis powered by renewable energy • Solar-thermochemical method • Solar energy splitting water • Biology • …… Comprehensive introductions for the existing main hydrogen production systems are provided in the standard. Typical hydrogen production systems are further introduced and the structure charts of those are presented as an informative annex. New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  22. WECS Storage Vessel O2 User DC Bus AC/DC Converters DC Transformer Water Electrolyser Storage Vessel H2 User AC/DC Converters PPS 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 3. Features of the standard 3.3 hydrogen production by renewable energy Hydrogen technology combined to wind and/or solar energy sources represents an attractive solution to overcome the difficult of storage and the stochastic character of wind and solar energy. Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems Hydrogen production system by water electrolysis powered by wind and solar energy which is focused on and detailed in the standard. This kind of hydrogen production systems may achieve more effective energy utilization and overcome the shortcoming of wind and solar energy. Structure chart of hydrogen production system by water electrolysis powered by wind and solar energy. WECS – Wind energy conversion system; PPS – Photovoltaic power system. New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  23. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 中国·北京2011-05-12 September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA 4. Conclusions • Factors involved in HE, flammability and explosion are discussed, as well as engineering control methods of those risks presented by the new standard. • Metal hydrogen compatibility and risk control of flammability and explosion should be emphasized. • Features of the new standard consist of essential safety requirements and guidelines for slush hydrogen systems and solid state hydrogen storage systems, and introductions for hydrogen production by renewable energy. • As the first standard on safety of hydrogen systems in P.R. China, the new standard will have positive effects on the development of hydrogen technology and improvement of acceptance in market and society. Table 1. Main standards on safety of hydrogen systems Acknowledgements - This research is supported by the key project of national programs for fundamental research and development of China (973 program). New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use 车用纤维缠绕高压氢气瓶标准基础研究

  24. 4th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety September 12-14, 2011 San Francisco, California, USA Engineering Research Center of High Pressure Process Equipment and Safety New China National Standard on Safety of Hydrogen Systems: Keys for Understanding and Use

  25. http://www.zhedahuaji.com • Tel: +86-571-87953393 • Fax:+86-571-87953393 • Email: jyzh@zju.edu.cn • Address: Institute of Process Equipment, Zhejiang University, 38#Zheda Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China, 310027. Thank you very much! Thank you very much!

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