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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Biochemistry. Biochemistry. Carbon Compounds. Molecules of Life. I. Carbon Compounds. A. Carbon Bonding Organic vs. inorganic compound Carbon wants to form 4 covalent bonds One pair electrons = one bond Varied # of shapes and bonds. B. Functional Groups.

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Biochemistry

  2. Biochemistry Carbon Compounds Molecules of Life

  3. I. Carbon Compounds A. Carbon Bonding • Organic vs. inorganic compound • Carbon wants to form 4 covalent bonds • One pair electrons = one bond • Varied # of shapes and bonds

  4. B. Functional Groups • Polar vs. non-polar • Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic

  5. C. Large Carbon Molecules 1.Monomer: building block 2. Polymer: monomers bonded 3. Macromolecule: biomolecules • Carbohydrates: sugars & starches • Lipids: fats, oils, waxes • Proteins • Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA

  6. Biochemical Reactions • Condensation Reaction- anabolic • AKA Dehydration Synthesis • Monomer + monomer  Polymer + H2O • Monosaccharides polysaccharides • Glycerol + Fatty Acids Lipids • Amino acids proteins • Nucleotides nucleic acids

  7. Condensation Reaction 2 Monomers Bonded= Polymer Remove H2O

  8. Biochemical Reactions • Hydrolysis- catabolic • Polymer + H2O  monomer + monomer • Polysaccharides + H20 Monosaccharides • Lipids + H20 Fatty Acid Chains and Glycerol • Proteins + H20  Amino Acids • Nucleic Acids + H20  Nucleotides

  9. Biochemical Reactions • Hydrolysis- catabolic • Polymer + H2O  monomer + monomer Separate polymer into: 2 monomers Add H2O

  10. D. Energy Currency • ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate • 3rd Phosphate = greatest energy

  11. II. Molecules of Life • Carbohydrates – monosaccharides, polysac. • Proteins – enzymes, antibodies • Lipids-triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes • Nucleic Acids- DNA and RNA

  12. II. Molecules of Life A. Carbohydrates – Sugars and Starches Function: Energy Structure: 1 C: 2 H: 1 O Building Block: Monosaccharides Isomers: Monosaccharides

  13. A. Carbohydrates** (con) • 1. Elements: C, H, O (1:2:1)= (CH2O)n • 2. Monomer = monosaccharide • 3. Polymer = polysaccharide • 4. Functional Groups: • Hydroxyl (-OH) • 5. Types: • Monosaccharide= Glucose,Fructose,Galactose isomers • Disaccharide**= sucrose, maltose, lactose • Polysaccharide= starch, cellulose, glycogen • 6. Functions: • Easily accessible energy source (glucose) • Provides rigidity in plants (cellulose)

  14. Types of Carbohydrates

  15. II. Molecules of Life (Continued) B. Proteins – enzymes, antibodies, hormones Function: Diversity of life Structure: No set ratio (C, H, O, N, S,) Building Block: Amino Acid (20 Types) • Carboxyl group, amino group, R group, free H

  16. B. Proteins (con) • 1. Elements: C, H, O, N • 2. Monomers= Amino Acid (aa)- 20 total in body • 3. Polymers= Dipeptide, Polypeptide, Protein • Structures: 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° • 4. Functional Groups: • Carboxyl (-COOH) • Amino (-NH2) • R-Group (group that changes & • determines aa) • 5. Types: **Enzymes** • Substrate: Lock & Key Function • Factors affecting enzyme function: temp & pH • 6. Functions: • Catalyzes reactions (enzymes) • Transports into/ out of cell through channels, etc.

  17. Levels of Proteins

  18. Peptide Bond: Dipeptide Products: 2 Amino Acids **Enzyme action** Substrate Enzyme

  19. II. Molecule of Life (con) C. Lipids: Fats and oils Function: Long term energy Structure: No set ratio (C, H, O,) Building Block: Fatty acid chains and alcohol Polar head Non-polar tail

  20. C. Lipids • 1. Elements: C, H, O (NOT 1:2:1) • 2. Monomers= Glycerol & Fatty Acid Chains** • 3. Polymers= Lipids • 4. Functional Groups: • Carboxyl (-COOH), Hydroxyl (OH) • 5. Types: Saturated & Unsaturated Triglycerides , • Phospholipids, Waxes, Steroids • 6. Functions: • Stores 2x amount of energy as carbs:long term • Forms barrier in cell membrane (PL) • Waterproof coating on plants (waxes) • Hormones & Cholesterol (steroids) • Insulation and cushioning

  21. Lipids: Triglycerides Saturated v. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

  22. Lipids:Phospholipids

  23. Other Lipids Waxes -long fatty acid chains -long alcohol chains Steroids -fused carbon rings -hormones (testosterone) -cholesterol

  24. II. Molecule of Life (con) • D. Nuclei Acids: DNA and RNA • Function: Instructions for life • Structure: (C, H, O, N, P) • Building Block: nucleotide

  25. Nucleic Acids** • Elements: C, H, O, N, P • Monomers= Nucleotide • 5-C Sugar, Phosphate group, Nitrogen Base • Polymers= DNA, RNA • Functional Groups: • Phosphate group (-PO4) • Types: DNA (in nucleus), RNA • 5-C sugar: Deoxyribose v. Ribose • 6. Functions: • Genetic Information (DNA) • Controls cells’ activities (DNA) • Stores & transfers info for protein synthesis (RNA)

  26. Nucleic Acids (cont.)

  27. III. Nutrition Carbs • Carbohydrates are converted to energy the fastest • Fiber=cellulose from plants

  28. Proteins • Amino acids are needed to repair and grow tissues • Essential amino acids

  29. Lipids • Fats, oils, waxes, hormones, make energy • Insulation and protection • Concentrated source of energy • Saturated= single bonds • Unsaturated=double bonds • Cholesterol

  30. B. Vitamins, Minerals and Water • Vitamins- organic • Coenzymes not made in our body • Can be used over and over • Water soluble – C, some B vitamins • Fat soluble- A, D, E, K • Vitamin D can be synthesized in large quantities

  31. Minerals • Inorganic • Assist in body functions Calcium Potassium Iodine Sodium Iron Magnesium Phosphorus

  32. Water • 70% of your body is made up of water • Regulates body temp • Dehydration • Can you drink too much water?

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