Analog-to-Digital Converter and Multi-vibrators

1. Analog-to-Digital Converter and Multi-vibrators

2. Simple Digital to Analog Converter .111 corresponds to 7/8 7/8 of 5 is 4.375

3. Simple Digital to Analog Converter .100 corresponds to 1/2 1/2 of 5 is 2.5

4. Analog-to-Digital • We have seen a simple digital-to-analog converter, now we consider the reverse process • For this purpose we introduce a new circuit element — the comparator • We have seen last semester a digital comparator, a logic circuit that determined whether the input word A is larger than the input word B • Now we look at an analog comparator, it determines whether voltage A is larger than voltage B

6. Comparator (analog) + Input higher than – input, output is high

7. Comparator (analog) + Input lower than – input, output is low

8. 1-bit analog-digital converter Input voltage is less than half of reference voltage, result is low. Reference Voltage Input voltage

9. 1-bit analog-digital converter Input voltage is more than half of reference voltage, result is high. Reference Voltage Input voltage

10. Toward a 2-bit analog-digital converter

11. Toward a 2-bit analog-digital converter

12. Toward a 2-bit analog-digital converter

13. Toward a 2-bit analog-digital converter

14. Finish this truth table Doesn’t occur

15. Integrated circuit version Warning: may need to flip switch back and forth.

16. 3.7 / 5 (in Scientific Mode)

18. Binary Mode

19. Compare

20. Scientific Mode

21. Multi-vibrators http://www.ee.ed.ac.uk/~kap/Hard/555/node1.html

22. Multi-vibrator • A multi-vibrator is an electronic circuit that can exist in a number of “states” (voltage and/or current outputs). • A flip-flop is a bi-stable multi-vibrator, bi-stable means it has two stable states. • A state is stable if it is robust against the fluctuations (noise) that are always occurring.

23. Mono-stable multi-vibrator • A mono-stable multi-vibrator has one stable output (usually zero). • It also has an unstable state. Certain input will put the circuit into its unstable state, which lasts for a set length of time before returning to the stable state. • Unstable states are still robust to noise but do not last indefinitely long. • In wave terminology, this provides one with a single pulse.

24. Pulse STABLE STABLE UNSTABLE

25. One shots • One purpose of a mono-stable multi-vibrator is to output a signal of a specified duration. • The input (trigger) may be short (or unknown) in duration, but the output pulse has a predictable duration (can be controlled by the time constant of an RC circuit). •  = RC • The time constant and duration are not equal but are proportional. • Such a circuit is called a “one shot.”

26. Shapers • Another purpose of mono-stable multi-vibrators is to “shape” input signals. • Recall in digital circuits we want signals to be clearly high or low; a mono-stable multi-vibrator can take signals which are not of this form and create signals which are.

27. Schmitt trigger

28. Schmitt trigger • If the voltage is above a certain value (the upper trip point) and rising, the output is high. • If the voltage is below another value (the lower trip point) and falling, the output is low. • Otherwise, it remains whatever it was.

29. Schmitt trigger The upper trip point Above the upper trip and going up Below the lower trip and going down The lower trip point

30. A-stable multi-vibrator • In an a-stable multi-vibrator, there are typically two states, neither of which is stable. • The circuit repeatedly flips back and forth between the states.

31. A-stable multi-vibrator

32. A-stable Multi-vibrator • Assume a state where the transistor on left is ON and transistor on right is OFF and the capacitor on the left has no charge. • Since the left transistor is on (hard) it is not dropping much voltage, therefore “all” the voltage is being dropped by the resistors • The capacitor on the left begins to charge through the 10K resistor on the right

33. A-stable Multi-vibrator

34. A-stable Multi-vibrator Oscilloscope

35. A-stable high low OFF ON Charge building up

36. A-stable • Charge builds up on the left capacitor, “pulling-up” the voltage presented to the base of the transistor on the right. • When the base reaches about 0.7v the transistor on the right turns on. • Current now starts to flow through the 1K resistor on the far right, thus dropping the voltage level at the collector. • That low voltage makes its way to the base of the transistor on the left turning it off. • The cycle repeats itself.

37. A-stable low ON Turns off

38. Duty cycle • In a square wave (e.g. a computer’s clock), the wave is characterized by its frequency, its amplitude and its duty cycle. • The duty cycle is the percent of time that the signal is high. • Duty cycle = thigh/(thigh+tlow)*100%

39. Duty cycle example: thigh = 1.407 ms

40. Duty cycle example: thigh + tlow = 2.111 msDuty cycle = (1.407/2.111) = 66.65%

41. 555 Timer • A similar circuit uses the 555 chip (Integrated circuit) • The resistors and capacitors are external to the chip so that the period and duty cycle of the circuit can be controlled.

42. 555

43. 555 as Monostable multivibrator

44. 555 as Astable Multivibrator

45. 555 Timer (WorkBench version)

46. Crystals • The very high frequency square wave used for the CPU clocks are not generated in the manner described on the previous slides. • The high frequency signal is supplied by crystals subjected to an electric field.

47. References • http://www.ee.ed.ac.uk/~kap/Hard/555/node2.html#modes • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/555_timer_IC • http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/555timer.htm