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Organisms and their Essential Life Functions Goal 4

Organisms and their Essential Life Functions Goal 4. Viruses and Bacteria Page 51. Viruses . Viruses are considered nonliving particles. Viruses does not carry out reproduction until in a living cell( host ). Obtaining Food= they are parasites .

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Organisms and their Essential Life Functions Goal 4

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  1. Organisms and their Essential Life FunctionsGoal 4

  2. Viruses and Bacteria Page 51

  3. Viruses Viruses are considered nonliving particles. Viruses does not carry out reproduction until in a living cell(host). Obtaining Food= they are parasites. Reproduction= Asexual reproduction through Replication. Not made of a cell or cells.

  4. Moneran Kingdom- Bacteria. Eubacteria Kingdom- consist of all bacteria in normal conditions. Archaebacteria Kingdom- consist of bacteria in harsh conditions such as septic systems, hot springs and salty water. Reproduction- Sexually by Conjugation; Asexually through Binary Fission.

  5. Protists Pages 59-64

  6. Pg. 59 Amoeba 1. Kingdom- Protista (Protists) 2. Obtaining Food: heterotrophs- feed on bacteria by using pseudopods (false feet) 3. Body is shapeless. 4. Gas Exchange: Diffusion using the plasma membrane. 5. Lives in water: Aquatic 6. Reproduction: Asexual by Binary Fission. 7. Unicellular: eukaryotic cell= has organelles. 8. Digestion: happens in the food vacuole by enzymes.

  7. Page 60 Paramecium Kingdom: Protista (Protists) Obtaining Food: uses cilia to bring food to its oral groove. Live in water. (aquatic) Digestion: happens in the gullet by use of enzymes. Waste: Excretion by use of anal pore Reproduction; Asexual by Binary Fission. Gas Exchange: Diffusion by using plasma membrane: O2 in and CO2 out.

  8. Page 61 Euglena Kingdom: Protista Eyespot: used to detect light. When light is present, it acts as an autotroph (carries out photosynthesis); when light is not present, it acts as a heterotroph. Gas Exchange: Diffusion through the plasma membrane. Has Mitochondria: synthesis its own ATP by respiration. Unicellular: Eukaryotic cell (has nucleus)

  9. Page 62 Algae- Volvox 1. Kingdom- Protista Autotroph: carries out photosynthesis. Reproduction- Fragmentation- asexual; produces clones; each little piece becomes a new organism. Gas Exchange: CO2 in and O2 out All algae is protist made of eukaryotic cells; some unicellular and some multicellular. algae algae Volvox

  10. Page 63 Fungus-like Protists (Slime molds and Water Molds) Heterotrophs- saprophytes Multicellular- no chitin in cell wall. True fungi have chitin in cell wall. Reproduction- Asexual called sporulation.

  11. Page 64 Concept Map on Protists Animal-like Protists are called protozoans. Zooflagellates swim with a flagellum. Sarcodines use pseodopods (false feet). Ciliates use cilia (hair-like projections). Sporozoans live in a host… fish, birds humans etc. They reproduce by spores. Plant-like Protists are called Algae. They exist in a wide variety of sizes and colors. Contain chlorophyll; can conduct photosynthesis. Six groups of algae: Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Red Algae, Brown Algae, Green Algae.

  12. Page 65 Mushrooms- Fungi Kingdom A mushroom carries out asexual reproduction called sporulation- each spore is a clone of the parent. Mushrooms are heterotrophs- release enzymes over dead plant material- food is liquified and absorbed into mushroom’s body. Mushrooms are saprophytes- food source is dead or dying plant material.

  13. Page 66 Yeast- Fungi Kingdom Asexual reproduction: called budding. Important in alcohol fermentation. (produces two ATP and CO2) Used in baking bread; release CO2 which causes bread to rise. Draw Yeast

  14. Page 66 Lichens= Fungi Kingdom Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungus. a. Fungus provides protection, water and minerals. b. Algae carries out photosynthesis to provide food for both. Lichens are major producers in the Tundra Biome. Lichens grow on rocks and break them apart to provide fertile soil. They are good indicators of air pollution.

  15. Page 67 Leaf Xylem transport H2O to all cells. Phloem transports sugar (glucose) to all cells. Guard Cells opens and closes stomata. Palisade Mesophyll= where the majority of photosynthesis happens. Transpiration (H2O moves out) happens at stomata. Vascular Bundle= contains Xylem and Phloem.

  16. Page 67 Seed A seed carries the embryo; embryo formed by sexual reproduction known as pollination which occurs in flowering plants called angiosperms. Seed is compared to the uterus of a female because both carry the embryo. For a seed to germinate when placed in the soil, conditions must be favorable; H2O; O2; temperature (warm); Earthworms help increase O2 in the soil by turning it over as they crawl

  17. Page 68 The Flower Male reproductive parts are: .amen, anther and filament, the anther produces pollen and pollen carries the sperm cell. Female reproductive parts are: pistil, stigma, styleand the ovary. Pollen lands on the stigma and sperm cells are carried to the ovary by the pollen tube. When the ovary is fertilized you get a fruit in the end. No flower – no fruit.

  18. Page 69 Fertilization Part of the male gametophyte grow through the pistil to reach the female gametophyte in flowering plants. Double fertilization involves two sperm nuclei. A zygote (2n) and endosperm (3n) are formed.

  19. How Guard Cells Work Using Turgor Pressure Do book drawing and write information in picture. Page 70

  20. Page 71 Process of Fruit Formation All vegetables are fruit to a scientist because they are formed from a flower. When the eggs in the ovules of a blueberry flower have been fertilized, the petals, stamen and stigma wither and fall away. The wall of the blueberry flower’s ovarybecomes fleshy as the seeds develop. The remains of the sepals and some dried stamens usually can be seen at the top of a blueberry fruit.

  21. page 72 Understanding Roots Apical Meristem= high rate of mitosis (new body cells) Xylem= transport H2O and minerals. Phloem= transports sugar (glucose) Xylem and Phloem in plants compare to arteries and veins in animal transport.

  22. Page 73 Plant Responses *** Plant Responses are controlled by Hormones called Auxins.*** • Thigmotropism= plants touch object and vines wrap around object. • Phototropism= plants bend toward light or sunlight. • Geotropism or Gravitropism= roots grow down and stems grow up. • Positive Geotropism= roots always grow down. • Negative Geotropism= stems grow upward.

  23. Page 73 Nastic Movement= venus flytrap leaves fold around insect that lands on it; traps the insect and it dies- juices of dead insect used by plant. (Pictures to be drawn for each)

  24. page 74 Plant Responses of Flowering Plants= Photoperiodism Many plants are day-neutral. Flowering in cucumbers, tomatoes, and corn is not influenced by a dark period. Spinach and lettuce are long-day plants that flower in midsummer. Short-day plants include pansies and goldenrod. (Pictures to be drawn for each)

  25. Page 75 Gastrula (Horseshoe Shape) *** Differentiation= cells begin to specialize (1 specific job) Endoderm= inner cells that form the animals digestive tract and organs. Ectoderm= outer cells that form skin and nervous system. Mesoderm= middle cells form muscles, circulatory system, excretory system, and respiratory system. Stages of Development: Fertilized Egg →zygote → blastula → Gastrula → Embryo → Fetus

  26. Page 76 Sponge= Invertebrate, Asymmetry, Sessile (no locomotion), Filter feeder, Phylum Porifera Protection= needle-like structures called spicules. Obtaining nutrients= ocean water enters pores bringing in food and food is caught. Excretion= uses a large pore called an Asculum. Reproduction= Asexual called fragmentation. They are hermaphrodite= carry male and female sex organs.

  27. Page 77 Hydra- Cnidarian, Invertebrate, Sessile, Radial Symmetry, Phylum Cnidaria Some have Asexual Reproduction called Budding. Nutrition= captures food by using tentacles and brings in its mouth. All Cnidarians have radial symmetry and live in the water. Ex. Jelly Fish, Corals, Sea Anemones Protection= stings and uses cells called nematocysts. Jellyfish= sexual reproduction (External Fertilization; External Development) Digestion in gastrovascular cavity

  28. Page 78 The Planarian- Flatworms: Invertebrate, Bilateral Symmetry, Phylum Platyhelminthes Asexual Reproduction called regeneration. Nutrition= sucks up its food by using a pharynx out of its mouth (feeds on slow moving organisms) or dead organisms. Locomotion= use cilia (tiny hairs) Habitat= lies under rocks in streams, Eyespot picks up light. Excretion= waste removal out of mouth. Only one body opening. Other Flatworms= tapeworms (parasites), fluke (parasite found in rice patties). Very simple nervous system: nerve cord

  29. Page 79- 3 slides Mollusks- Invertebrate; Aquatic; Phylum Molluska 3 Major Classes= Food for Humans A. Snail 1. Snail: Class Gastropoda 2.Locomotion with large muscular foot. 3.Nutrition: uses a radula; a tongue with teeth to bring in food. 4. Mantle produces the shell. 5. Snails have well defined, well developed head in addition to a large foot. Draw Snail

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