The civil War

1. The civil War Chapter 9 Section 1

2. Chapter 8 review • Mexican War • Govt. out of decision making • Issues like slave/free • Discovery-80,000 • Robert e. Lee • Trade-off for Transcont. RR • Republican President • Caned • Voting • 1860 • Supreme Court • Senate Floor Speech • No slavery allowed • California • Harpers Ferry • Repealed • Wilmot Proviso • Kansas-Nebraska Act • John Brown • Charles Sumner • Dred Scott • Lincoln • 1848 • Popular Sovereignty

3. The Opposing sides Summary-The Civil War started off with both sides having their advantages and disadvantages. Both also believed it would be a quick and easy victory, but it ended up being long, bloody and hard won. • The North had most of the advantages going in including an economy better suited to finance a war, more troops, better equipment, better trained soldiers and far more railroads. • The South had something to fight, only needed a draw, and they had far better officers leading the men.

4. The Opposing sides • President Lincoln had to deal with national problems and even had problems within his own party, many were abolitionist and called for an end to slavery. • President Lincoln’s goal, however, at the start of the Civil War, was to preserve the Union, even if it meant allowing slavery to continue. • President Lincoln also suspended writs of habeas corpus allowing the government to arrest any who support the rebels and hold them without charges or evidence.

5. The Opposing sides • The Confederate President Jefferson Davis also faced many challenges in the war. • The Confederacy commitment to states rights often hampered Jefferson Davis’ ability to conduct the war. • Both the North and the South had strong feelings concerning the conscription of men into the service although it became necessary.

6. The Opposing sides • Jefferson Davis planned to fight a war of attrition in which the South would not get involved in large battles but would make the war drag on using up Northern resources and forcing them to negotiate. • Lincoln had wanted Robert E. Lee, one of the brightest officers in the army to lead the Union forces but when he learned that Virginia would join the Confederacy he declined and instead became the leader of much of the southern armies.

7. The civil War Chapter 9 Section 2

8. The Early Stages • An early battle in the war would set the stage for the war in general. The Battle of Bull Run was fought close to Washington D.C. and the North thought they could defeat the South and see a quick end to the fighting. Northern spectators even gathered for a picnic on the hills overlooking the battlefield. • The confederate forces losing early gained reinforcements and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson and his men turned the tide routing the Northerners who fled back to Washington D.C. Jackson became a southern hero for this effort and others in the war. • The war proved that the south would not easily be defeated and that more well trained men were needed to fight.

9. The Early Stages • Volunteers would not generate enough soldiers and both the North and the south would require a draft (conscription) to enlist enough soldiers. • The North would institute a blockade of southern harbors to stranglehold trade and weaken the southern economy. • The North, who had a limited number of able leaders would attack at various positions. David Farragut and the Union Navy would attack New Orleans and take the Mississippi River while Ulysses S. Grant would gain control in most of Tennessee and Kentucky by taking the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers..

10. The Early Stages • General Ulysses Grantwould also claim victory at Shiloh but lose thousands of troops angering many in the North at the casualties under his leadership. • Battles at Murfreesboro (TN) were won by the North and the Peninsular Campaigns in Virginia saw the North suffer heavy casualties as well as Robert E. Lee being placed in command of the armies of Virginia. • After Robert E. Lee was placed in charge, his brilliance at battle saw more Confederate victories. • Lee’s Confederates met the Union forces at Bull Run for the second time and again forced them to retreat. Washington D.C. was only 20 miles away.

11. The Early Stages • The next Battle in Maryland held great ramifications. • If the South won, England was prepared to recognize them as a separate government and act as a mediator of peace with the North. • The Battle of Antietam (Creek) ended as the bloodiest one day Battle of the Civil War with over 22,000 men killed or wounded. The North inflicted enough damage that Lee’s forces retreated back into Virginia. • Because the South did not win the battle, the British did not recognize them or aid them.After this battle, Lincoln would make a bold move.

12. “It is well that war is so terrible -- lest we should grow too fond of it.” -Robert E. Lee “I am tired and sick of war. Its glory is all moonshine. It is only those who have neither fired a shot nor heard the shrieks and groans of the wounded who cry aloud for blood, for vengeance, for desolation. War is hell.” -William Sherman

13. The civil War Chapter 9 Section 3

14. The Early Stages • Just 5 days after the end of the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. • It freed all slaves in the rebellious states only if the South did not meet a deadline of returning to the Union. (approx. 3 months) • No one was actually freed until the war was over. • It stated that slavery would remain with the southern states if they returned prior to the deadline. • It did, however, change the reason for the war from state’s rights to forced bondage.

15. Life during the War • The Emancipation Proclamation officially permitted African Americans to enlist in the Union army and thousands responded. • One of the first African American regiments was the Massachusetts 54ththat bravely fought losing over half its number at the battle of Fort Wagner.

16. Life during the War Summary: The South suffered more from economic hardship brought on by the war than did the North. The South had inflation and critical shortages while the North had banks and industry that responded quickly to the needs of the war. • The Southern economy suffered from the collapse of the transportation system, the blockade of Southern ports and the presence of Union troops in key agricultural areas. This led to severe food shortages between 1862-1863. • The food shortages were so severe that some women resorted to stealing and prostitution and men deserted the Confederate army to return home to help.

17. Life during the War • Talk about cannons, guns and bullets • Talk about battlefield medicine • Civil War prisons and prisoner exchange problems • Andersonville and Henry Wirz • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wF2yhu0a9ELEE • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64i_g2ZKh34GRANT • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Hsje8oSdUISTONEWALL • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngLmxDjD7vcMEDICINE

18. Connecting the Info so far… John Brown Bloody Angered Compromise of 1850 Levi Coffin Federal fort Southern victory Bad for South Carolina Lincoln’s choice Reasons for incrimination Whigs and Free Soilers Gadsden purchase Gold People’s decision Harriet Tubman 1860 Southern commander Harper’s Ferry Stonewall Jackson For Trade Missouri Compromise Beaten ____ California ____ Popular Sovereignty ____ Underground Railroad ____ Transcontinental RR ____ Kansas-Nebraska Act ____ Charles Sumner ____ Republican Party ____ Lincoln ____ Habeas Corpus ____ Robert E. Lee ____ Ft. Sumter ____ Bull Run ____ Antietam ____ Virginia

19. The civil War Chapter 9 Section 4

20. The Turning Point Summary: for the first part of the war, the Northern forces floundered under inept leadership. The tide of the war, however, changed after victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg. • Part of the strategy to winning the war for the North was the capture of the Mississippi River which would split the Confederate forces. • New Orleans had already been taken and the only major stronghold to take was the Confederate town of Vicksburg.

21. The Turning Point • Lincoln knew that Vicksburg was the key to the war. The city could ship out goods to the other states, grow cotton and ship it out from the Mississippi and provide troops from the western Confederate states. • Taking Vicksburg would allow the North to split the Confederacy in two parts. • The Union tried to take Vicksburg by assault but lost high numbers so they decided to cut off food and supplies (siege) coming in while bombarding the city with cannon fire for six solid weeks before the confederate commander surrendered. • People had dug hole in the ground to hide from the artillery shells and were forced to eat rats to avoid starvation. The Union had successfully cut the Confederacy in two.

22. The Turning Point • Lincoln often replaced/fired his generals due to poor performance on the battlefield. • Lincoln was constantly looking for an effective general against the Southern forces (especially Robert E. Lee). • Lincoln fired General McClellanafter the Battle of Antietam and replaced him with various other generals such as Burnside, Hooker,Meade and finally Ulysses Grant. Until Grant all had done poorly against Robert E. Lee. • Even when Leewas almost surrounded (by Hooker) he came out victorious through better strategies. He counter-attacked Hooker at dense woods known as the Wilderness near Chancellorsville and defeated him with half the number of troops.

23. The Turning Point • The largest Battle of the Civil War would occur at Gettysburg, PA were over 150,000 men would meet for a three day battle. • On second day the Southern forces made a head on charge (Pickett’s Charge) with 15,000 men against Union placements over a ridge and lost more than 7,000 troops in less than ½ hour. Less than 5,000 made it over Cemetery Ridge and the Union forces quickly overwhelmed those. • The battle saw the South lose approx. 28,000 and the North23,000. Lee lost too many of his troops and retreated. Gettysburg was the turning point in the war for the North who won most major battles after that.

24. The Turning Point • Several months after the Battle of Gettysburg saw the death of over 51,000 men , President Abraham Lincoln goes to the Battlefield to dedicate it as a cemetery. • It is during the cold and rainy day that he makes one of the most famous speeches in history… “four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a nation conceived in liberty ,dedicated to the proposal that all men are created equal…..” (The Gettysburg Address)

25. The Turning Point • Breaking the back of the South would be the Battle of Atlanta and the March to the Sea (taking of Savannah). • William Sherman would lead a force of over 100,000 troops from Chattanooga, TN and into Atlanta fighting all along the way. • Once they entered Atlanta, which was a central supply hub and railroad city, they destroyed everything of military value including rails, mills, factories, warehouses, etc. before setting off to take Savannah. • The taking of Atlanta and Savannah would greatly hasten the end of the war.

26. The Turning Point • Thanks to the Taking of Savannah and Atlanta and what looked to be a closing out of the Civil War, Lincoln was again elected as President in 1864. • He saw the slavery issue as needing to be resolved and issued an amendment to the constitution to do so. • The 13th Amendment would ban slavery in the United States. It narrowly passed the House and was sent to the states for ratification. (January 31, 1865)

27. The Turning Point • On April 9, 1865 General Robert E. Lee would surrender to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, VA and the Civil War was officially over. • Tidbit: house at beginning and end of war