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What Factors Influence Emotion Regulation in Infancy?

What Factors Influence Emotion Regulation in Infancy?. Just an example. Abstract. The most common strategies are passive disengagement and physical regulation. Highly reactive infants show deficiencies in emotion regulation development .

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What Factors Influence Emotion Regulation in Infancy?

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  1. What Factors Influence Emotion Regulation in Infancy? Just an example

  2. Abstract • The most common strategies are passivedisengagement and physical regulation. • Highly reactive infants show deficiencies in emotion regulation development. • When caregivers are unavailable, infants use more regulation. • Father-infant avoidant attachment is associated with employment of distraction and self-soothing. • Physical stimulation can contribute to the negative emotional state of the infant.

  3. Definition Intrinsic and extrinsic processes responsible for identifying, supervising, evaluating, and altering emotional reactions (Thompson, 1994). Function To manage arousal, control behaviors and reactions, and thereby define and adjust interactions to fit both individual and social demands. If unable to master the task of emotion regulation, “deleterious emotional arousal and the misleading identification and misdirection of emotions” (Kostuik & Fouts, 2002) can result, possibly leading to socially inappropriate behaviors and a limited ability to adapt to spontaneous experiences. What Is Emotion Regulation?

  4. Strategies of Self Emotion Regulation In Infancy

  5. Temperament • Anger and Frustration(Calkins, et al., 2002) • Results • Easilyfrustratedinfants usedmore physicalregulation,scanning, and mother orienting, andlessdistraction. • In addition, they receivedlowerscores on attentiontask exercises and were observed to havehigher activity levels. • Conclusions • A “lack of focused attention coupled with a tendency to be very active and easily distressed may predispose the child to be unable to exert controlover his or her behavior.” (Calkins, et al., 2002)

  6. Temperament • Effects of Excessive Crying (Stifter & Spinrad, 2002) • Results • Excessivecriers exhibited significantlylowerlevels of self-regulation evenaftercontrolling for negative reactivity. • Higherlevels of regulation were associated withless negativity. • Conclusions • Inattentionthat results fromexcessive cryinginhibitsinfants’ ability tointernalizeregulation techniques, hencedisturbingemotion regulation development. • Findings supported by Calkins, et al. (2002).

  7. Infant-Caregiver Interactions • Parent Availability(Bridges, et al., 1997) • Parent Active • Infants’negativeexpression significantlydecreased. • Infants’ levels ofactive engagement increased. • Parent Passive • More physicalandself-soothingtechniques observed. • Infants utilizedmoreobject focus. • Infants’distresslevels significantlyhigher in mother-passivethan in father-passive situations. • Cross parent analysis reveal possible influence of type of parent-infant interaction (caregiver sensitivity (?)) experienced on emotion regulation.

  8. Attachment Quality(Diener, et al., 2002) • Infant-Father Attachment • Avoidant Attachment • Distractionandself-soothingmost common techniques. • Secure Attachment • Infants exhibitedfewer self-soothingbehaviors. • Infant-Mother Attachment • No associationbetween attachment quality and emotion regulation strategy found. • Similar to Bridges, et al., implies a role of caregiver interaction type on regulation.

  9. Physical Stimulation • Effects of Maternal Touch(Hernstein & Campos, 2001) • Negative Expression • Tension Increase • Infants demonstrated more negative emotional displays. • Less initiation of play. • Decrease duration of play. • Relaxation • Infants exhibited no differences from control infants in initiation or duration of play. • Positive Emotion • No major changes or differencesin infants’dispositionfor either condition.

  10. Summary • The most common methods of emotion regulation in infants at 4 months are passive disengagement and physical strategies. • Highly frustratedinfants exhibit deficienciesin emotion regulation development. • Tension increase in physical stimulation via maternal touch increases negativity (regulates emotion) and hence emotion regulation in infants. • The level of emotion regulation necessary and the type of regulation utilized dependsonparent availability in stressful situations. • The use of particular regulation techniques is associated with attachment quality in infant-father relationships.

  11. References • Bridges, Lisa J. (1997). Infant Emotion Regulation with Mothers and Fathers.Infant Behavior and Development 20(1).47-57. • Calkins, Susan D., Dedmon, Susan E., Gill, Kathryn L., Lomax, Laura E., and Johnson, Laura M. Frustration in Infancy: Implications for Emotion Regulation, Physiological Processes, and Temperament.Infancy, 3(2).175-197. • Diener, Marissa L., Mangelsdorf, Sarah C., McHale, Jean L., Frosch, Cynthia A. Infants’ Behavioral Strategies for Emotion Regulation With Fathers and Mothers: Associations With Emotional Expressions and Attachment Quality.Infancy 3(2).153-17. • Hertenstein, Mathew J., Campos, Joseph J. (2001). Emotion Regulation via Maternal Touch.Infancy 2(4).549-566. • Stifter, Cynthia A., Spinrad, Tracy L. (2002). The Effect of Excessive Crying on the Development of Emotion Regulation.Infancy 3(2).133-152. • Kostiuk, Lynne M., Fouts, Gregory T. (2002).Understanding of Emotion Regulation in Adolescent Females with Conduct Problems: A Qualitative Analysis.The Qualitative Report 7(1). www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR7-1/kostiuk.html

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