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NanoTechnology : What is it? The Challenges and Opportunties

NanoTechnology : What is it? The Challenges and Opportunties. Virginia Technology Education Association August 2009 Deb Newberry dmnewberry2001@yahoo.com. ????? What is that? How does it work?. Over the last several decades… Modifications Improvements

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NanoTechnology : What is it? The Challenges and Opportunties

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  1. NanoTechnology:What is it? The Challenges and Opportunties Virginia Technology Education Association August 2009 Deb Newberry dmnewberry2001@yahoo.com

  2. ????? What is that? How does it work?

  3. Over the last several decades… Modifications Improvements New ‘scopes

  4. Application of nanoscience is not new!

  5. Nanotechnology – A Definition • “Nano” is just a prefix (like “centi” or “mega”) • Can have a nanosecond, nanomile, nanogallon etc. • Most often today the prefix “nano” is applied to a length scale • Nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter, 1nm = 10 hydrogen atoms in a line • In reality, chemists, biologists and other scientists have been dealing with nanotechnology for decades. • Nanotechnology : The ability to imagine, design, investigate, modify, model, manipulate any substance at the molecular or atomic level. • National Science Foundation: Products with dimensions 1 to 100 nanometers.

  6. It is a matter of scale

  7. Courtesy Office of Basic Energy Sciences,Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy © Deb Newberry 2008

  8. A bacterium, ~ 1000 nm A red blood cell, ~ 7000 nm A virus, ~ 100 nm Aspirin, ~1 nm Starpharma.com © Deb Newberry 2008

  9. A List of the Metric Prefixes

  10. An example: The Aspirin Calculation Easy algebra Unit conversion Exponential notation and rules Concept of size/ small and large numbers Critical thinking

  11. The Aspirin Calculation Group 8 Hunter Miske Robert Stady Scott Weber

  12. Assuming the aspirin is a true cylinder (using the center height) how many aspirin molecules are in the tablet? • Given that a 200 mg tablet has these dimensions Radius = 5.15 mm Diameter = 10.3 mm Height = 4.2 mm

  13. Volume of a Cylinder = area of base x heightVolume = π R2 h Vol. = 3.14 x (5.15mm)2 x 4.2 mm = 350 mm3 Change units from cubic millimeters (mm3)to cubic nanometers (nm3) Assume 1 nm spherical aspirin molecule occupies 1 cubic nm of space Divide volume of cylinder by volume of aspirin spheres

  14. How long would it take to assemble the aspirin molecule by molecule?Time required = number required ÷ rate of assembly 61.6 million years

  15. How big is a billion or how small is a nano? Counting to 1 billion at 1 “number” stated per second would take….. 32 years!!!! The distance from Minneapolis to Canada is about 241 miles….1 billionth – or a nano of that distance is about ………. 1 hundredth of an inch.

  16. Working at the nanoscale ……. Requires the combination of all traditional science And It impacts all of the traditional sciences

  17. Material Science Engineering Physics NanoScience Nanotechnology Chemistry Medicine Biology

  18. The Secret • Molecules are made of atoms • Atoms are made up of electrons, protons and neutrons • Electrons and protons are “charged” • Opposites attract/likes repel • And… • Moving charges can create a magnetic field (and vice versa)

  19. Atomic (electronic) structure Molecular structure Physical characteristics Electrical characteristics Biological characteristics

  20. Learning and Understanding Leads to Replication and Application

  21. Laser structuring of water-repellent biomimetic surfaces Marios Barberoglou, Panagiotis Tzanetakis, Costas Fotakis, Emmanuel Stratakis, Emmanuel Spanakis, Vassilia Zorba, Sophia Rhizopoulou, and Spiros Anastasiadis A water-resistant surface inspired by the lotus leaf could enable applications in microfluidics, underwater coatings, and controlled deposition. 19 January 2009, SPIE Newsroom. DOI: 10.1117/2.1200901.1441

  22. Superhydrophobic (SHPB) Superhydrophobic – having a water contact angle of greater than 150° Water repellent surface Achieved by surface nanotexturing and low surface energy Ref: IsurTec

  23. Background – Endotracheal Tubes Endotracheal Tubes are PVC tubes with a balloon cuff. Inner diameters range from 3-10 mm. Ref: IsurTec

  24. Air drying: Water (dyed blue) and hexadecane (dyed red), an oil, bead up on an omniphobic surface, which repels all liquids. The droplets in this photo, which are separated from the surface by air pockets, are about three millimeters in diameter. Credit: Anish Tuteja/Wonjae Cho MIT TR November 2008 Staying dry: A chemically treated plastic surface is rough on the nanoscale, forcing water droplets to form beads that can roll off. GE researchers have now done the same with metal. Credit: GE Global Research Center MIT TR October 2008

  25. Hysitron Nanomechanical Measurement System

  26. Dentin-Enamel Junction (DEJ) 20um 0 20um Tooth: Dentin-Enamel Junction Pictures Courtesy of H Fong, Univ. of Washington

  27. IBM STM gallery

  28. TEM image Dislocations in Aluminum Nitride U of MN

  29. So what are we finding out?

  30. The Secret • Molecules are made of atoms • Atoms are made up of electrons, protons and neutrons • Electrons and protons are “charged” • Opposites attract/likes repel • And… • Moving charges can create a magnetic field (and vice versa) • And…. • They are moving all of the time • And… • Most atoms are not spherical

  31. Forces and Interactions • Electrostatic • Magnetic • Gravitational • Thermal • Vibration • Adhesion • Surface tension • Friction • Chemical • Quantum

  32. This is important • ALL forces and interactions are present ALL of the time at ALL size scales • What does change at different size scales is that the PRIORITY of the forces and interactions will change

  33. The origin of van der Walls bonding between water molecules. (a) The H2O molecule is polar and has a net permanent dipole moment (b) Attractions between the various dipole moments in water gives rise to van der Walls bonding

  34. Nature. June 2007. Ajayan. P. 1066

  35. Water in Nanotube • Source:  Yury Gogotsi • References: • Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy Study of Water in Carbon NanopipesM. Pía Rossi, Haihui Ye, Yury Gogotsi, Sundar Babu, Patrick Ndungu, and Jean-Claude Bradley Nano Lett.; 2004; ASAP Web Release Date: 15-Apr-2004; (Letter) DOI: 10.1021/nl049688uDescription: • The ability of the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) to condense and evaporate liquids has enabled the in situ dynamic study of condensation, evaporation and transport of water inside carbon nanotubes. It has been possible to see liquid menisci inside straight, CVD-fabricated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) having disordered walls. From the measured contact angles, it is clear that these CNTs are hydrophilic. Complex meniscus shapes and slow liquid dynamics due to water confinement and strong interaction with tube walls have been observed. The above ESEM images show the dynamic behavior of a water plug close to the open end of a nanotube. The meniscus shape changes when, at a constant stage temperature, the vapor pressure of water in the chamber is changed (a) 5.5 Torr, (b) 5.8 Torr, (c) 6.0 Torr, (d) 5.8 Torr and (e) 5.7 Torr, where the meniscus returns to the shape seen in (a). The asymmetrical shape of the meniscus, especially the complex shape of the meniscus on the right side in (a, e), is a result of the difference in the vapor pressure caused by the open left end and closed right end of the tube. (f) TEM image showing a similar plug shape in a closed CNT under pressure.

  36. How atoms are “put together” with each other will determine their properties

  37. CdS Nanoparticles on Polymer Microspheres • Source: Yuan-Chih Chu and Chuh-Yung Chen, et. al. • References: • Yuan-Chih Chu, Cheng-Chien Wang, Yao-Hui Huang and Chuh-Yung Chen.  "Preparation and characterization of luminescent CdS nanoparticles immobilized on poly(St-co-GMA-IDA) polymer microspheres." Nanotechnology16 (4), 376, (2005). • Description: • Luminescent CdS (Cadmium Sulfide) nanoparticles immobilized on copolymer microspheres were produced by the chemical precipitation of poly(St-co-GMA-IDA)–Cd2+ (PSG–Cd2+) complexes. PSG latex with GMA-IDA has chelating groups within the copolymer latex with coordination sites for chelating metal ions, at which CdS particles were grown. Using ethanol as a cosolvent improved both the particle monodispersity and the surface charge. The size distribution, morphology and structure of CdS nanoparticles were measured by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The growth kinetics of CdS nanoparticles were studied by TEM and obtaining photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The size and morphology of CdS particles were influenced by the amount of the chelating, iminodiacetic acid group on the surface of the copolymer microsphere, the concentration of Cd2+ ions and the pH. The shown PSG-A3–CdS sample which was formed from ultrafine CdS particles with mean diameters below 5 nm immobilized on the surface of copolymer microspheres, emitted photons with a higher energy than other samples in this investigation.

  38. Sporting Equipment AccuFlex® Evolution Golf Shaft Orca PFLEX™ Fullsleeve Wetsuit Nanodynamics MX™ Golf Balls Wilson® Tour Davis Cup Official Tennis Ball golfgearreview.com businessweek.com Babolat® NS™ Tour Tennis Racket Stealth CNT® Baseball Bat Tennisplaza.com gearandtraining.com BMC Racing Fourstroke FS01 Amazon.com dickssportinggoods.com Nitro Hockey Sticks XLC Nanotech Crampon hollywoodprobicycles.com Nanodesu X Bowling Ball gearflogger.com Nanotechproject.org accountsupport.com

  39. Portion of a Single Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWNT)

  40. A. B. Materials Today. April 2007. Mirfakhrai. P. 34

  41. I-pod ATI Radeon HD 3870 X2 Graphics Card Electronics Xbox 360 16Gb NAND Flash Memory videolan.org Samsung.com Intel 45nm Silicon Wafer Processor Universal Display Corporation® Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) Planet82™ SMPD Image Sensor (Flash-less Photography) ziffdavisinternet.com gizmodo.com pennnet.com

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